PubMed · 8416640
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S C Scgatzki. 1993. Blistered Feet.. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.160.1.8416640
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Few observations can have been as rapidly and widely disseminated in medicine as the diagnostic X-ray (radiograph). The first few decades after Röntgen's discovery saw technical developments that made radiography more practical, quicker, safer for both imager and patient, and able to achieve greater contrast. This article reviews the history of imaging but it also looks to the future and begins to open up some of the issues that radiology faces in the 21st century--issues that the next six articles in this Lancet series will enlarge upon. The conventional radiograph remains the most common medical image but a host of new techniques have come along. Are they research tools, clinical methods, or both--and how, in an age of sensitivity about the costs of health care, do they stand up?
In 1897, Frederick T. Gates, a Baptist minister and adviser to John D. Rockefeller Sr., read the entire second edition of The Principles and Practice of Medicine by William Osler while on a summer vacation at Lake Liberty, New York. The book reinforced the low opinion Gates had of the efficacy of medicine but convinced him that medical science would be a wise investment for the Rockefeller fortune. The results of this investment included the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, the General Education Board, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the International Health Board. Gates sponsored Rockefeller funding of full-time clinical professorships, an idea that Osler opposed but that eventually became the prevailing model for medical departments at universities in the United States.
In the 19th century, American physicians were drawn to the renowned medical centers of Europe, beacons of excellence in all areas of clinical science, to complement and supplement medical education and training. Such Old World master surgeons as Victor Horsley and William Macewen constantly reported novel and innovative operative procedures, including a significant number of operations on the spine and spinal cord. In this same era, a number of American surgeons made important contributions to the emerging specialty of spine surgery. The lives and work of Alban Smith, Berthold Hadra, DeForest Willard, and Robert Abbe are submitted in this report as examples.