PubMed · 8479509
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W Schima, F Sterz, P Pokieser. 1993-05-27. Syncope after eating.. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199305273282120
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Cup-feeding is recommended for breastfed preterm infants to avoid artificial nipples. However, the oral mechanisms used in cup-feeding, or its safety and efficacy, have not been described. The authors measured sipping, breathing, SaO2, and volume of intake during 15 cup-feeding sessions for 8 infants (mean gestational age at birth was 30.6 weeks). Mean duration of sipping bursts and pauses was 3.6 seconds and 28.1 seconds, respectively. Mean breathing rate during bursts and pauses was similar (46.2 +/- 24.3 vs 45.7 +/- 17.7, respectively), with SaO2 > or = 90% during all bursts. Mean duration of cup-feedings was 15.2 +/- 3.9 minutes (range, 11.0-23.3), whereas mean volume of intake was only 4.6 +/- 2.2 mL (range, 1.5-8). For the 15 sessions, 38.5% of milk taken from the cup was recovered on the bib. Although infants remain physiologically stable, cup-feeding has questionable efficacy and efficiency. Differentiating between actual intake versus spillage of milk merits attention.
OBJECTIVES: Because larger food portions could be contributing to the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity, this study was designed to weigh samples of marketplace foods, identify historical changes in the sizes of those foods, and compare current portions with federal standards. METHODS: We obtained information about current portions from manufacturers or from direct weighing; we obtained information about past portions from manufacturers or contemporary publications. RESULTS: Marketplace food portions have increased in size and now exceed federal standards. Portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, rose sharply in the 1980s, and have continued in parallel with increasing body weights. CONCLUSIONS: Because energy content increases with portion size, educational and other public health efforts to address obesity should focus on the need for people to consume smaller portions.