PubMed · 8718579
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C M Rice. 1996. Alphavirus-based expression systems.. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1382-1_5
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Barmah Forest virus (BFV) and Ross River virus (RRV) are mosquito-borne viruses with similar vectors and environmental requirements. They cause diseases characterised by arthralgia, arthritis and myalgia, often accompanied by fever and rash. Arthritis is more common and more prominent in RRV disease and rash is more common and florid with BFV infection, although the diseases cannot be reliably distinguished by their clinical symptoms. Diagnosis is based on serological tests and a definite diagnosis of recent infection requires the demonstration of rising titres of IgG. Arthralgia, myalgia and lethargy may continue for at least six months in up to half of patients with RRV, but in only about 10% of patients with BFV. Both diseases are managed symptomatically.
The 3'-nontranslated region (NTR) of representative strains of all known alphavirus species was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. For 23 of them, the 3'-NTR sequence was determined. Together with previously published data, this allowed an analysis of the 3'-NTR of the viruses in the genus Alphavirus. The length of the 3'-NTRs varied from 77 nt for Pixuna virus to 609 nt for Bebaru virus. The 19-nt conserved sequence element directly adjacent to the poly(A) tract was found in all viruses, supporting the hypothesis that this region is a cis-acting sequence element during viral replication and essential for virus growth in vitro. Within the 3'-NTR of all alphaviruses, repeated sequence elements of various numbers and lengths were found. Their composition was very consistent in both the Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) and the Sindbis-like viruses, although their number was constant only within the latter group. For the VEE viruses, our data suggested that insertion events rather than deletions from an ancestor with a long 3'-NTR created the various number of repeated sequence elements. Among the remaining viruses, both the number and the composition of repeated sequence elements varied remarkedly.
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