PubMed · 8974278
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P Mottram, C Hamer, J Williams, K Wilson. Declining blues.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8974278/
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The use of oral snuff is a widespread habit in Sweden. We investigated whether the use of Swedish moist snuff leads to an increasing risk of oral cancer. Other risk factors such as smoking tobacco and alcoholic beverages were also investigated. Our study comprised 410 patients with oral cancer, from the period 1980-1989, and 410 matched controls. All subjects received a mailed questionnaire. The response rates were 96% and 91% for cases and controls, respectively. In the study, a total of 20% of all subjects, cases and controls, were active or ex-snuff users. The univariate analysis did not show any increased risk [odds ratio (OR) 0.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4-1.1] for active snuff users. We found an increased risk (OR 1.8, CI 1.1-2.7) for oral cancer among active smokers. Alcohol consumption showed the strongest risk for oral cancer. Among consumers of beer, an increased risk of 1.9 (CI 0.9-3.9) was found. Corresponding ORs for wine and liquor were 1.3 (CI 0.9-1.8) and 1.6 (CI 1.1-2.3), respectively. A dose-response effect was observed. Although not statistically significant, a multivariate analysis similarly suggested that the most important risk factors were beer and liquor consumption, followed by smoking.
One hundred and seventy four (81% of all) pathologically confirmed new incident cases of female breast cancer identified from a medical center in Taipei from February, 1993 to June, 1994 were selected as the case group. Four hundred and fifty three inpatient controls who were without obstetric-gynecological, breast, or malignant diseases were individually matched for each case by age and date of admission. Information was obtained through direct interview and review of medical records. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of each risk factor. After adjusting for education level, body mass index, age at menarche and first full-term pregnancy, parity, menopausal status and age at menopause, lifetime lactation, use of lactation inhibition hormones, and family history of breast cancer, breast cancer risk significantly elevated in use of OC before 25 years old and before 1971. In stratified analysis, significantly higher risk were found in OC use before 25 years old and in duration of use less than one year among post-menopausal subjects. Our results support the notion that OC use in early life for younger women and in early calendar years increase breast cancer risk.
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