PubMed · 8990631
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T D Taylor. Again and again.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8990631/
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An experimental study was conducted to document system head losses for dental vacuum systems. Experiments were performed to estimate pressure losses and pressure loss coefficients for pertinent dental treatment room hoses and fittings in high-volume evacuation systems. Pressure losses for some polyvinyl chloride (PVC) elbows used in dental plumbing systems were also measured and presented. Friction head losses in straight PVC piping are calculated and documented in graphical form. Calculated values for friction losses are found to correlate exceptionally well with measured experimental data.
BACKGROUND: Effective cross-contamination prevention is critical for direct digital radiography, or DDR, sensors, which are not sterilizable; however, current manufacturers' recommendations for standard precautions are limited to the use of plastic barrier sheaths, which are commonly known to tear or leak. The authors sought to determine the incidence of digital radiography barrier-sheath leakage, with and without additional latex finger cot protection, as measured by a water pressure test. METHODS: Four hundred plastic barrier sheaths were randomly assigned to four groups based on intraoral radiograph positioning device use and supplemental barrier protection with a latex finger cot. Sheaths were carefully placed to cover DDR sensors for a single intraoral use, gently removed from the sensors and tested for leakage through a water pressure technique. RESULTS: Perforations occurred in 44 to 51 percent of plastic sheaths after a single radiographic exposure. However, only up to 6 percent of the plastic sheaths that were covered by a latex finger cot leaked during the water pressure test. CONCLUSIONS: At least 44 percent of the plastic barrier sheaths leaked after a single intraoral radiographic exposure. Use of a latex finger cot over the plastic sheath significantly reduced leakage to no more than 6 percent. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Latex finger cots used in conjunction with the standard plastic sheaths that cover DDR sensors may more effectively prevent cross-contamination than do plastic sheaths alone. Dentists who use DDR sensors during highly invasive dental procedures such as dental implant surgery are encouraged to consider supplemental barrier protection for these delicate, expensive and nonsterilizable sensors to prevent patient cross-contamination.
The measurement of oral maxillofacial region, including dentition and teeth, is important information for diagnosis and assessment of treatment in clinical dentistry. There are two kinds of the measuring systems, i.e., contact-type system and non-contact-type system. The latter mainly has been investigated in dentistry, because of its simplicity and quickness for measurement. However, since the objects in dentistry have complex shapes with curved surfaces and many dead angles, accuracy of values obtained by this system is insufficient for clinical use. Even though divided measurement is employed to overcome the problems, the increase of measuring element results in deterioration of the accuracy. In the present study, the accuracy of a contact-type measuring apparatus with 5 pivoting joints was investigated. For the cavity model, the depth and the width were measured. For the standardized dental cast which consists of three spheres, the diameter of three spheres and the distance of each sphere were measured. The values obtained by this apparatus were compared with those obtained by the precise 3D-measurement apparatus. The differences were insignificant in the cavity model. Significant difference was found in the standardized dental cast. However, the difference was very small, and so it is negligible in clinical use. By using this apparatus, the form of undercut and teeth was reconstructed completely. The results suggested that the multiple jointed contact-type measuring apparatus could be applied to the measurement in clinical dentistry.