PubMed · 9083990
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I F Hawkins, A W Johnson, J G Caridi, K E Weingarten. CO2 fine-needle TIPS.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1051-0443(97)70548-7
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An open-top chamber experiment with field grown potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Bintje) was performed in the south-west of Sweden in 1998. The experiment was aimed to investigate individual and interactive impacts of elevated ozone (O(3)) and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) on potato growth and yield. Treatments were ambient and elevated CO(2) with or without the addition of 20 nmol mol(-1) O(3). In addition, plants were grown in ambient air plots. Plants grown in elevated CO(2) and O(3) had a reduced tuber yield, compared to control, by 2% and 8%, respectively. These effects were, however, not statistically significant. Elevated CO(2) caused a significantly larger number of tubers of lower average size, while elevated O(3) induced significantly lower tuber dry matter content. The number of tuber initials (tubers <15 mm) found at harvest was significantly lower in elevated O(3). Visible O(3) leaf injury appeared earlier and the number of yellow leaves 89 days after emergence was significantly larger in elevated O(3). In elevated CO(2), haulm dry weight was significantly (15%) lower at harvest and the haulm/tuber ratio was significantly reduced. There were significant interactive effects of O(3) and CO(2) on the final number of leaves and on stem height. Plants in elevated CO(2) reached final stem height earlier than in the other treatments. In summary, it was concluded: (a) that anticipated future O(3) levels are likely to have a negative impact on potato growth, although tuber yield effects may be hard to demonstrate experimentally in this plant due to large variation; (b) that whether any possible beneficial effect of elevated CO(2) on the magnitude of tuber yield will be expressed, depend on the climatic conditions prevailing; and (c) that potato growth responses to CO(2) and O(3) are not simply additive.
A process for the reduction of residual solvents in spray-dried poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-darbepoetin alfa microparticles was developed using carbon dioxide (CO(2)) as an extraction solvent. CO(2) was investigated in two phase states, liquid and gas. Detrimental effects on encapsulated protein integrity and microparticle morphology were observed with liquid CO(2) exposure. Extraction with CO(2) gas at <100 psig reduced residual solvent concentration and particle agglomeration was limited. Extraction rates and particle agglomeration increased with higher CO(2) gas pressures. The CO(2) pressures below which particles of polylactide (PLA) and PLGA microparticles significantly agglomerated were determined and the data used to develop extraction cycles. Extraction cycles were developed in which CO(2) gas pressure was increased as residual solvent concentration decreased in order to keep extraction rates high throughout the cycle. Spray dried darbepoetin alfa-PLGA microparticles were extracted with CO(2) gas and characterized for residual solvent concentration, process yield, particle size distribution, morphology, and protein integrity. The results indicated CO(2) gas may be used to reduce residual solvent to approximately 200 ppm with no significant detrimental effects on protein integrity or microparticle morphology.
BACKGROUND: Previous observations have indicated that CO2 insufflation increases peritoneal plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) expression. METHODS: Primarily cultured human peritoneal mesothelial cells were exposed to either flowing or pressurized CO2 for 90 min. Unexposed cultures served as controls. Samples of cell culture media were taken at 0, 5, and 24 h after exposure to measure media pH, PAI-1, and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) protein release. Simultaneous samples were taken to measure PAI-1 and t-PA mRNA expression. RESULTS: Mesothelial cells exposed to flowing CO2 released more PAI-1 than those exposed to pressurized CO2 ( p < 0.001) and controls ( p < 0.001). Cells exposed to flowing CO2 had an increased PAI-1 mRNA expression at 5 h. CONCLUSIONS: CO2 increased mesothelial cell PAI-1 expression involving a transcriptional mechanism. These findings might provide a mechanism for adhesion formation and cancer progression following laparoscopic surgery.