PubMed · 9097641
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N Kohara. 1997. [F wave conduction study].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9097641/
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1. Our aim was to determine whether the cardiovascular neurones in the rostro-ventrolateral medulla (CV-RVLM neurones) were involved in the sympathoexcitation induced by stimulation of 5-HT3 receptors in the region of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). Experiments were performed in pentobarbitone-anaesthetized rats, artificially ventilated and paralysed with pancuronium bromide. 2. Using extracellular recordings, different types of RVLM neurones were characterized: cardiovascular (CV), ventilation-related and baroreflex-insensitive (unidentified) neurones. The CV-RVLM cells were further subdivided into three populations according to their axonal conduction velocities: A (1.2 +/- 0.1 m s-1), B (2.5 +/- 0.2 m s-1) and C (6.8 +/- 1.1 m s-1). 3. Only the CV-RVLM neurones of the A and B categories were partially inhibited (-30 %) by a hypotensive dose (2.5 microg kg-1 i.v.) of clonidine. 4. Microinjections into the region of the commissural NTS of 1-(m-chlorophenyl)-biguanide (CPBG, 2 nmol), a selective 5-HT3 receptor agonist, elicited an increase in both lumbar sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) and arterial pressure. In addition, this treatment produced a marked excitation of CV-RVLM neurones of the A and B categories, without affecting those of the C type, as well as ventilation-related and unidentified RVLM cells. 5. The activity of the CV neurones in the caudo-ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata (CV-CVLM) was not modified by 5-HT3 receptor stimulation in the NTS. 6. Prior intra-NTS microinjections of ondansetron (300 pmol, a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist) into the region of the commissural NTS prevented the excitation of A and B CV-RVLM neurones induced by CPBG. 7. Intracarotid administration of saline saturated with CO2 (chemoreceptor activation) elicited both an increase in the SND and an excitation of the clonidine-insensitive CV-RVLM neurones of the C type, without affecting A and B neurones. 8. In conclusion, the sympathoexcitation elicited following 5-HT3 receptor stimulation in the region of the commissural NTS of pentobarbitone-anaesthetized rats seems to result from the excitation of two different pools of clonidine-sensitive CV-RVLM neurones. These neurones are apparently not involved in the sympathetic component of the chemoreceptor reflex.
1. Cells derived from a rat pituitary tumour (GC cell line) that continuously release growth hormone behave as endogenous pacemakers. In simultaneous patch clamp recordings and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) imaging, they displayed rhythmic action potentials (44.7 +/- 2.7 mV, 178 +/- 40 ms, 0.30 +/- 0.04 Hz) and concomitant [Ca2+]i transients (374 +/- 57 nM, 1.0 +/- 0.2 s, 0.27 +/- 0.03 Hz). 2. Action potentials and [Ca2+]i transients were reversibly blocked by removal of external Ca2+, addition of nifedipine (1 microM) or Ni2+ (40 microM), but were insensitive to TTX (1 microM). An L-type Ca2+ current activated at -33.6 +/- 0.4 mV (holding potential (Vh), -40 mV), peaked at -1.8 +/- 1.3 mV, was reduced by nifedipine and enhanced by S-(+)-SDZ 202 791. A T/R-type Ca2+ current activated at -41.7 +/- 2.7 mV (Vh, -80 or -60 mV), peaked at -9.2 +/- 3.0 mV, was reduced by low concentrations of Ni2+ (40 microM) or Cd2+ (10 microM) and was toxin resistant. Parallel experiments revealed the expression of the class E calcium channel alpha1-subunit mRNA. 3. The K+ channel blockers TEA (25 mM) and charybdotoxin (10-100 nM) enhanced spike amplitude and/or duration. Apamin (100 nM) also strongly reduced the after-spike hyperpolarization. The outward K+ tail current evoked by a depolarizing step that mimicked an action potential reversed at -69. 8 +/- 0.3 mV, presented two components, lasted 2-3 s and was totally blocked by Cd2+ (400 microM). 4. The slow pacemaker depolarization (3.5 +/- 0.4 s) that separated consecutive spikes corresponded to a 2- to 3-fold increase in membrane resistance, was strongly Na+ sensitive but TTX insensitive. 5. Computer simulations showed that pacemaker activity can be reproduced by a minimum of six currents: an L-type Ca2+ current underlies the rising phase of action potentials that are repolarized by a delayed rectifier and Ca2+-activated K+ currents. In between spikes, the decay of Ca2+-activated K+ currents and a persistent inward cationic current depolarize the membrane, activate the T/R-type Ca2+ current and initiate a new cycle.
1. A supervised learning procedure was applied to individual cat area 17 neurons to test the possible role of neuronal co-activity in controlling the plasticity of the spatial 'on-off' organization of visual cortical receptive fields (RFs). 2. Differential pairing between visual input evoked in a fixed position of the RF and preset levels of postsynaptic firing (imposed iontophoretically) were used alternately to boost the 'on' (or 'off') response to a 'high' level of firing (S+ pairing), and to reduce the opponent response (respectively 'off' or 'on') in the same position to a 'low' level (S- pairing). This associative procedure was repeated 50-100 times at a low temporal frequency (0.1-0.15 s-1). 3. Long-lasting modifications of the ratio of 'on-off' responses, measured in the paired position or integrated across the whole RF, were found in 44 % of the conditioned neurons (17/39), and in most cases this favoured the S+ paired characteristic. The amplitude change was on average half of that imposed during pairing. Comparable proportions of modified cells were obtained in 'simple' (13/27) and 'complex' (4/12) RFs, both in adult cats (4/11) and in kittens within the critical period (13/28). 4. The spatial selectivity of the pairing effects was studied by pseudorandomly stimulating both paired and spatially distinct unpaired positions within the RF. Most modifications were observed in the paired position (for 88 % of successful pairings). 5. In some cells (n = 13), a fixed delay pairing procedure was applied, in which the temporal phase of the onset of the current pulse was shifted by a few hundred milliseconds from the presentation or offset of the visual stimulus. Consecutive effects were observed in 4/13 cells, which retained the temporal pattern of activity imposed during pairing for 5-40 min. They were expressed in the paired region only. 6. The demonstration of long-lasting adaptive changes in the ratio of 'on' and 'off' responses, expressed in localized subregions of the RF, leads us to suggest that simple and complex RF organizations might be two stable functional states derived from a common connectivity scheme.