PubMed · 918078
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T A Bouchier. 1977. Gallstones.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/918078/
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The cholesterol of gallstones comes from the vesicular rather than the micellar phase of bile. Progress in this field has been limited because conventional analytical methods disturb the distribution of cholesterol between the two phases. The resonance of the cholesterol C6 proton occurs at a chemical shift of 5.4 ppm, to be shown by 2D NMR to be specific for biliary cholesterol, and arises only from the micellar mode. Thus integration of the C6 proton resonance peak area provides a direct non-invasive determination of the cholesterol distribution in human bile.
Hydrophobic peptides were isolated from the phospholipid fraction of human bile, plasma and spleen by exclusion chromatography in organic solvents. From plasma, the activation peptide of C1 protease inhibitor was recovered, from spleen the activation peptide of alpha 1-antitrypsin, and from bile, both these peptides, as well as a fragment generated by proteolytic cleavage of alpha 1-antitrypsin six residues N-terminal of the P1-P1' peptide bond. Cleavages in this region inactivate antiproteases but have previously not been reported to occur in vivo. These peptides in human bile may reflect physiological actions in regulation of antiproteolytic activity or bile secretion processes, and/or be of importance for the physicochemical state of cholesterol, phospholipids and bile acids in bile.
Highly purified ceruloplasmin (CP) was isolated from human bile using affinity chromatography. Biliary CP is represented by two molecular species. One of those is identical to oxidase CP from normal human serum while the other is analogous to oxidase-lacking CP specific for the serum of the carriers of Wilson's mutation with respect to immunological specificity, electrophoretical mobility and molecular mass of the large fragments from spontaneous proteolysis.