PubMed · 9205303
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S F Engs. 1997. Things remembered.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9205303/
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The prediction of the mean skin temperature used for the Required Sweat Rate index was criticised for not being valid in conditions with high radiation and high humidity. Based on a large database provided by 9 institutes, 1999 data points obtained using steady-state conditions, from 1399 experiments and involving 377 male subjects, were used for the development of a new prediction model. The observed mean skin temperatures ranged from 30.7 degrees C to 38.6 degrees C. Experimental conditions included air temperatures (Ta) between 20 and 55 degrees C, mean radiant temperatures (Tr) up to 145 degrees C, partial vapour pressures (Pa) from 0.2 to 5.3 kPa, air velocities (v(a)) between 0.1 and 2 m/s, and metabolic rates (M) from 102 to 620 W. Rectal temperature (T(re)) was included in the models to increase the accuracy of prediction. Separate models were derived for nude (clothing insulation, I(cl), < or = 0.2 clo, where 1 clo = 0.155 m2 x degrees C x W(-1), which is equivalent to the thermal insulation of clothing necessary to maintain a resting subject in comfort in a normally ventilated room, air movement = 10 cm/s, at a temperature of 21 degrees C and a humidity of less than 50%) and clothed (0.6 < or = I(cl) < or = 1.0 clo) subjects using a multiple linear regression technique with re-sampling (non-parametric bootstrap). The following expressions were obtained for nude and clothed subjects, respectively: T(sk) = 7.19 + 0.064Ta + 0.061Tr + 0.198Pa - 0.348v(a) + 0.616T(re) and T(sk) = 12.17 + 0.020Ta + 0.044Tr + 0.194Pa - 0.253v(a) + 0.0029M + 0.513T(re). For the nude and clothed subjects, 83.3% and 81.8%, respectively, of the predicted skin temperatures were within the range of +/- 1 degree C of the observed skin temperatures. It is concluded that the proposed models for the prediction of the mean skin temperature are valid for a wide range of warm and hot ambient conditions in steady-state conditions, including those of high radiation and high humidity.
A full-scale human form dummy was designed for studying the burning of common dress assemblies (i.e. combination of garments) worn in India. The dummy was made in eight parts; each made of a steel shell filled with water so as to replicate properties of skin-tissue combination. Four thermocouples were fixed on the dummy for measuring torso, neck and face temperatures. The dummy was clothed separately in three women's dress assemblies (saree, salwar-khameez and nightgown) and men's dress assemblies (kurta-pyjama, shirt-pant and lungi), and ignited at the feet by a flat flame. The tests showed that loose fitting garments burnt easily. Once completely burnt, all dress assemblies result in third degree burns over most of the body. The burning process of synthetics is radically different from cottons or cotton-polyester blends. However, flame duration and temperatures produced on the skin are not radically different, suggesting that on the whole synthetics are no worse than cotton garments. Thick garments, such as, jeans and khadi, do not ignite easily and are inherently safer than similar garments made of light fabric. The studies show that results of standard flammability tests using single fabric strips do not correlate with the burning observed in garments as part of a dress where multilayering is common. Standards/codes for fire safety of garments and garment-dress assembly combinations need to be evolved to adequately address their fire safety.