PubMed · 9325713
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M Amanatidis. 1997. Avoiding anaesthetic gas pollution.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9325713/
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It is estimated that more than 1 million workers worldwide perform some type of welding as part of their work duties. Epidemiology studies have shown that a large number of welders experience some type of respiratory illness. Respiratory effects seen in full-time welders have included bronchitis, siderosis, asthma, and a possible increase in the incidence of lung cancer. Pulmonary infections are increased in terms of severity, duration, and frequency among welders. Inhalation exposure to welding fumes may vary due to differences in the materials used and methods employed. The chemical properties of welding fumes can be quite complex. Most welding materials are alloy mixtures of metals characterized by different steels that may contain iron, manganese, chromium, and nickel. Animal studies have indicated that the presence and combination of different metal constituents is an important determinant in the potential pneumotoxic responses associated with welding fumes. Animal models have demonstrated that stainless steel (SS) welding fumes, which contain significant levels of nickel and chromium, induce more lung injury and inflammation, and are retained in the lungs longer than mild steel (MS) welding fumes, which contain mostly iron. In addition, SS fumes generated from welding processes using fluxes to protect the resulting weld contain elevated levels of soluble metals, which may affect respiratory health. Recent animal studies have indicated that the lung injury and inflammation induced by SS welding fumes that contain water-soluble metals are dependent on both the soluble and insoluble fractions of the fume. This article reviews the role that metals play in the pulmonary effects associated with welding fume exposure in workers and laboratory animals.
Bisphenol-A (BPA), one of the most common environmental endocrine disrupters, has been extensively evaluated for toxicity and carcinogenicity. However, little is still known about its action on the CNS. Here we found that prenatal and neonatal exposure to BPA resulted in the enhancement of the rewarding effect and hyperlocomotion induced by morphine in mice. Under these conditions, no change in the G-protein activation by morphine and mu-opioid receptor expression in the lower midbrain was observed by prenatal and neonatal exposure to BPA. These results suggest that chronic exposure to BPA produces the supersensitivity of the morphine-induced rewarding effect and hyperlocomotion without direct changes in mu-opioid receptor function in the lower midbrain. The present data provide further evidence that prenatal and neonatal exposure to BPA can directly influence the development of the central dopaminergic system.
OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine which designated smoking area on a submarine, forward or aft, minimizes nonsmokers' exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. METHODS: A survey was administered and urine tested by an enzyme-linked immunoassay for urinary cotinine before and during a 10 d underway. There were four groups tested; submariners on boats with forward or aft designated smoking areas, with each of these groups further divided into submariners whose watch is primarily forward or aft. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in urine cotinine levels between submariners whose watches are primarily in the forward section as compared with those who work primarily aft. This was true for predeployment as compared with deployment levels and whether the designated smoking area was located forward or aft. CONCLUSION: Using cotinine as a marker, passive smoke exposure appears to be minimum. The location of the designated smoking area aboard U. S. Navy submarines does not appear to have any effect on urinary cotinine levels.