PubMed · 9340286
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P H Mäkelä. 1995. [Scientific misconduct].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9340286/
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This paper addresses the issues surrounding an individual's exposure to potential environmental risk factors, which can be implicated in the aetiology of a disease. We hope to further elucidate the 'lag' or latency period between the initial exposure to potential pathogens and the physical emergence of the disease, with specific reference to the rare neurological condition, motor neurone disease (MND), using a dataset obtained from the Finnish Death Certificate registry, for MND deaths between the period 1985-1995. A space-time approach is adopted, whereby patterns in both time and space are considered. No prior assumptions about the aetiology of MND are adopted. By using methods for the analysis of point processes, which preserve the continuous nature of the data, we resolve some of the problems of analysis that are often based on arbitrary areal units, such as postcode boundaries, or political boundaries. We use kernel estimation to model space-time patterns. Raised relative risk is assessed by adopting appropriate adjustments for the underlying population at risk, with the use of controls. Significance of the results is assessed using Monte Carlo simulation, and comparisons are made with results obtained from Openshaw's geographical analysis machine (GAM). Our results demonstrate the utility of kernel estimation as a visualisation tool. Small areas of elevated risk are identified, which need to be more closely examined before any firm conclusions can be drawn. We highlight a number of issues concerning the inadequacies of the data, and possibly of the techniques themselves.
Penetration of UV radiation into Finnish lakes was evaluated through field measurements and/or by determining the optical properties of the lake water. The spectral measurements of air and underwater irradiance (280-400 nm) were performed in early September, 1998, in four lakes (Lake Konnevesi, Tuomiojärvi, Jyväsjärvi, and Kopru) representing a variety of humic (DOC 8.1-16.0 mg l-1) and chlorophyll (2.3-14 micrograms l-1) concentrations. A linear relationship was found between vertical attenuation coefficient (Kd) and DOC (r2 > 0.75), whereas no relationship between Kd and chlorophyll a was observed (r2 < 0.20). The depth where the UV-B irradiance is 10% of the value just beneath the surface (z10%) ranged 5-19 cm. Kd based on field measurements, and absorption coefficient (ad) derived from spectrophotometric scanning measurements of filtered lake water showed a linear relationship (r2 = 0.93). Kd values for two lakes where field measurements were not made (DOC 4.2-5.2 mg l-1, chlorophyll a 1.7-1.9 micrograms l-1) were obtained from the relationship between Kd and ad, giving the 10% UV-B penetration depth of 1.3 m to Lake Kuorinka and 0.21-0.24 m to Lake Palosjärvi.
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