PubMed · 939868
A hard-bristle toothbrush proves an efficient instrument for removing foreigh material impregnated into the skin via explosive or abrasive trauma.
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J Agris. 1976. Adventitious tattooing.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.1976.tb00149.x
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In this study we present a new approach to the design of the military personal armour system (MPAS). This approach is based on a computerized analysis of the exact anatomical location of 405 penetrating war injuries (290 shrapnel and 115 bullet injuries) in 164 soldiers killed in the Lebanon war. All the penetrating injuries (hits) were plotted on a computerized image of the human body. About 90 per cent of all hits were to the front of the body; 55 per cent of all hits were to the left side. About 45 per cent of all hits were to the torso, which is slightly more than the torso's proportion of total body-surface area (36 per cent). Of all hits to the torso, 64 per cent of the shrapnel hits and 73.3 per cent of the bullet hits were limited to the front mid torso (T4 to T9). The head at the level of the helmet received 9 per cent of all hits, most of which were over the frontal bones (72.4 per cent). The body part with the greatest density of penetrating injuries was the face, with 22.2 per cent of all penetrating wounds, and in particular the mid face, from the level of the lips to the level of the zygomatic bones, was especially vulnerable, sustaining 10 per cent of all the penetrating wounds. These findings suggest several possible modifications in the standard MPAS: an additional protective device over the front mid torso may be incorporated; the face may be protected by a transparent and lightweight face-shield; a horizontal margin added to the standard helmet may protect the upper face from missiles from above; a chin cover may protect the lower face.
This article discusses the management of clinical problems encountered particularly in disasters. These include the principles of multiple-casualty triage, and field and hospital management of blast injury, crush syndrome, compartment syndrome, particulate inhalation, and traumatic asphyxiation. The indications for extraordinary measures, such as field amputation, are detailed. A brief review of the causes and epidemiology of these entities is provided, with emphasis on the clinical management in the disaster setting.