PubMed · 9420770
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H W Strauss. The right stuff.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1071-3581(05)80017-0
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Fatty acids play critical roles in biological systems. Imbalances in fatty acids are related to a variety of diseases, which makes the measurement of fatty acids in biological samples important. Many analytical strategies have been developed to investigate fatty acids in various biological samples. Due to the structural diversity of fatty acids, many factors need to be considered when developing analytical methods including extraction methods, derivatization methods, column selections, and internal standard selections. This review focused on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based methods. We reviewed several commonly used fatty acid extraction approaches, including liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase microextraction. Moreover, both acid and base derivatization methods and other specially designed methods were comprehensively reviewed, and their strengths and limitations were discussed. Having good separation efficiency is essential to building an accurate and reliable GC-MS platform for fatty acid analysis. We reviewed the separation performance of different columns and discussed the application of multidimensional GC for improving separations. The selection of internal standards was also discussed. In the final section, we introduced several biomedical studies that measured fatty acid levels in different sample matrices and provided hints on the relationships between fatty acid imbalances and diseases.
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Thirty soybean germplasm lines representing a wide distribution of fatty acid compositions were analyzed stereospecifically by using a chiral column to resolve the sn-1 and sn-3 positions of glycerol. The amounts of each acyl group on each of the sn positions were plotted vs. the amount of that acyl group in the triacylglycerols (TAG), and the plots were fitted by linear regression. The deviation of individual data points from the linear regressions was much greater than observed in previous studies. This could be attributed to the inclusion of a number of germplasm lines with elevated or reduced percentages of saturates. The stereospecific distributions could not be fit with previously suggested mathematical models because the plots had intercepts that were not allowed by the models. Statistical tests of the analytical procedure indicated that slight oxidation of or bias against the polyunsaturates had occurred and that the Grignard deacylation method gave slightly less representative analyses of the sn-2 position than pancreatic lipase deacylation on these TAG.