PubMed · 9476093
The source did not provide an abstract. Follow the original record for more information.
Explore connections, maps & timelines
1998. Mini C-arms.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9476093/
Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.
KEEP EXPLORING
Sophisticated nozzle and spray-drier were newly developed. The nozzle type was that of four-phase spraying, where two liquid streams and two air streams were blown off. The spray pattern from the nozzle was of a hollow-cone type. Mean diameter of droplets in the mist was 13.2 microm in weight average in the condition of blowing at 776 g/min in air flow and 500 ml/min in liquid flow. That is, the weight-based flow ratio of air to liquid was as small as 1. 55. The geometric standard deviation of the droplet size was less than 1.65. This nozzle was still available for a concentrated suspension up to 27% solid without formation of the sludge on the orifice. Thus, fine powder with 1.99 microm in mean diameter was obtained by means of the nozzle and the spray-drier newly developed by us. These are promising for industrial production of the fine powder with low energy and high recovery.
BACKGROUND: Few randomised controlled trials have sufficient power to show clear advantages of different designs of cervical-smear collection devices. We studied by systematic review whether the design of cervical-smear devices affects rates of inadequate smears and detection of disease and whether the presence of endocervical cells in the smear affects detection of disease. METHODS: We sought relevant randomised controlled trials by computer literature review by MEDLINE backed up by a manual search of 16 journals. Each trial was classified according to methodological quality criteria. Odds ratios were calculated where data allowed. FINDINGS: 34 randomised controlled trials investigating cervical Papanicolaou smear collection devices were identified. All 34 trials compared the ability of devices to collect endocervical cells, and 19 compared the ability of devices to detect dyskaryosis. Meta-analyses showed that compared with other collection devices, the Ayre's spatula is an ineffective device for collecting endocervical cells (for example, odds ratio for comparison of extended-tip spatulas vs Ayre's spatula 2.25 [95% CI 2.06-2.44]) and also gives a lower yield of dyskaryosis (odds ratio for comparison of extended-tip spatulas vs Ayre's spatula 1.21 [1.20-1.33]). Devices that effectively collect endocervical cells also detect a higher proportion of abnormal cytology than those that do not. INTERPRETATION: The widely used Ayre's spatula is the least effective device for cervical sampling and should be superseded by extended-tip spatulas for primary screening and investigation of women before and after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The presence of endocervical cells is a valid and convenient surrogate for the ability to detect dyskaryosis.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.