PubMed · 9644510
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1998-06-25. Calming ulcerative colitis.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9644510/
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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to show the effectiveness of a new radiation protection method designed to decrease the amount of scatter radiation received by practitioners performing procedures under fluoroscopic guidance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sterile, disposable, lead-free surgical drape containing radiation protection material composed primarily of bismuth was evaluated for effectiveness in reducing radiation doses to health care personnel. Measurements of phantom scatter, patient scatter, skin entrance, and the effects of collimation, together with comparative monthly thermoluminescent dosimeter recordings, were taken to determine the effectiveness of X-ray beam attenuation using the bismuth drapes. RESULTS: Scatter radiation to physicians, as measured by thermoluminescent dosimeters placed on each eye, the thyroid, and the wrist, was reduced by 12-fold for the eyes, 25-fold for the thyroid, and 29-fold for the hands when the radiation-attenuating surgical drape was used when compared with control studies performed with a standard nonattenuating surgical drape alone. Monthly thermoluminescent dosimeter measurements decreased fourfold in one physician. Using the protective drape reduced exposure to the assistant in each case to negligible levels. Skin entrance dose was not increased unless the protective drape was placed directly in the X-ray beam. An X-ray attenuation factor equivalent to 0.1 mm of lead with 8 x 8 cm collimation reduced the scatter rates from five- to ninefold despite a 30-40% increase in entrance exposure rate as the lead equivalence increased. CONCLUSION: Depending on the procedure, the height of the practitioner, and the positioning of the radiation-attenuating surgical drape, use of this drape can substantially reduce the radiation dose to personnel with minimal or no additional radiation exposure to the patient.
Non-ionic surfactants are widely used for household and industrial purposes. For different reasons the metabolites, e.g. 4-nonylphenol, nonylphenol monoethoxylate, nonylphenol diethoxylate and 4-tert-octylphenol, are especially considered to be endocrine disruptive and thus potentially harmful for the environment. In this study, field samples of raw wastewater from different point sources, including industrial effluents, household effluents, the influent and secondary effluent of a wastewater treatment plant that treats this wastewater were monitored simultaneously. Composite samples were taken five times over periods of 1 week at nine sample sites. The results showed that the concentrations and fluxes were varying. In addition industrial, influent and effluent samples were investigated for nonylphenol (NP). The highest concentrations of bismuth active substances (BiAS) were obtained by wastewater samples from a chemical and a cloth washing company ranging from 10,200 to 65,600 microg/l and 14,600 to 33,900 microg/l BiAS, respectively. Although the concentration of BiAS in the wastewater of the paper production was only between 460 and 1200 microg/l BiAS, the NP/BiAS ratio of 0.51% was considerably higher than in other industrial effluents. The BiAS concentration in wastewater samples from households ranged from 2200 to 7900 microg/l BiAS, but the NP concentration was quite low, 0.01% of BiAS. This could be due to the effort within the EU to phase out nonylphenol polyethoxylates in household detergents. Influent concentrations between 700 and 2200 microg/l BiAS with removal rates in the WWTP ranging from 70.7 to 99.4% with an average of 92.2% could be measured.
This paper presents research on radioactive contamination of the three most common kinds of wood in Croatia--beech, oak and fir as well as acorn. Gamma-spectrometric measurements carried out on the samples of bark and wood of beech, oak, fir and acorn have shown radioactivity contents ranging from 1.6 +/- 0.1 to 37.3 +/- 0.5 Bq/kg from deposited 137Cs, whose concentrations in the soil of Croatia have increased after the Chernobyl accident. Measurements have also shown the radioactivity originating from 40K and 214Bi, which are part of the natural composition of the soil. The distribution of the radionuclides in wood has been discussed, as well as the impact of radioactive contamination of wood by the artificial radionuclide 137Cs upon the forest ecosystem. According to the corresponding model, it has been calculated that a 10 h daily stay in a typical family house increases the annual radiation dose of the population, due to the deposited 137Cs in the structure or furniture, by 343 microSv.