PubMed · 9645659
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K Kasper. 1998. Gamma ray imaging systems.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9645659/
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Gamma irradiation is a widely adopted method for terminal sterilization of medical devices; however, its application to collagen-based extracellular matrix (ECM) materials remains limited due to radiation-induced degradation of structural integrity and mechanical performance. Here, we present an engineered terminal-processing strategy that combines oxygen controlled gamma irradiation (25-30 kGy) with post-irradiation dry-heat annealing to preserve ECM functionality while achieving effective sterilization. By modulating oxygen availability during irradiation, this approach alters radical reaction pathways, suppresses oxygen-mediated oxidative degradation, and generates a metastable radical-containing intermediate, which is subsequently converted into a structurally stabilized collagen network through thermal annealing. As a result, the treated matrices preserved ECM integrity and recovered clinically relevant mechanical properties. Furthermore, the process achieved cumulative viral reductions exceeding 6 log10 across a representative panel including enveloped and non-enveloped DNA and RNA viruses, demonstrating compatibility with sterility assurance and viral safety requirements for biologically derived medical devices. Notably, preliminary observations indicate that mechanical integrity can be partially preserved even at elevated irradiation doses up to 50 kGy, suggesting potential applicability to sterilization validation frameworks requiring higher assurance levels. Overall, this work establishes a mechanistically grounded terminal-processing paradigm that enables control of radical fate, decouples sterilization efficacy from material degradation, and integrates sterilization, viral safety, and functional preservation into a unified and scalable framework for collagen-based biomaterials. This concept repositions gamma-irradiation from a purely degradative process to a controllable tool for tuning collagen structure and performance.
Four methods are presented to estimate contaminant concentration profiles in soil from the intensities of neutron-induced capture-gamma photon intensities measured at the soil surface. In particular, the method of linear regularization with and without an iterative positivity constraint, the Backus-Gilbert method, and the maximum entropy method are applied to the soil contamination problem. Example results obtained with the four methods are given for photon intensities calculated for idealized test contaminant profiles in soil irradiated by neutron sources above the surface.
The probability of a photon (x-ray, gamma-ray, bremsstrahlung, etc) of a given energy E undergoing absorption or scattering when traversing a layer of material Z can be expressed quantitatively in terms of a linear attenuation coefficient mu (cm(-1)). Since mu is dependent on the material's density, rho (g cm(-3)), which can be variable, the quantity usually tabulated is the mass attenuation coefficient mu/rho (cm2 g(-1)) in which the dependence on the density has been removed. Mu/rho, in turn, can be obtained as the sum of the different types of possible interactions of photons with atoms of the material. For photon energies below 1 MeV the major interaction processes to be considered are incoherent (Compton) scattering, coherent (Rayleigh) scattering and atomic photoeffect absorption. Above 1 MeV one must also include nuclear-field pair production and atomic-field (triplet) production, and above 5 MeV one in principle should include photonuclear absorption, although the latter is neglected in data tabulations up to the present time. This review includes a selective history of measurements and theory relating to mu/rho from the turn of the century up to the present time, and is intended to provide a basis for further calculations and critical tabulations of photon cross section data, particularly as required by users in radiation medicine and biology. The mass energy-absorption coefficient mu(en)/rho is also briefly discussed.