cDNA library construction for the lambda ZAP-based vectors.

The beta protein of bacteriophage lambda acts in homologous genetic recombination by catalyzing the annealing of complementary single-stranded DNA produced by the lambda exonuclease. It has been shown that the beta protein binds to the products of the annealing reaction more tightly than to the initial substrates. We find that beta protein exists in three structural states. In the absence of DNA, beta protein forms inactive rings with approximately 12 subunits. The active form of the beta protein in the presence of oligonucleotides or single-stranded DNA is a ring, composed of approximately 15-18 subunits. The double-stranded products of the annealing reaction catalyzed by the rings are bound by beta protein in a left-handed helical structure, which protects the products from nucleolytic degradation. These observations suggest structural homology for a family of proteins, including the phage P22 erf, the bacterial RecT, and the eukaryotic Rad52 proteins, all of which are involved in homologous recombination.

Bacteriophage lambda↗

PubMed1999

Cyclization of globular DNA. Implications for DNA-DNA interactions in vivo.

The rate of cyclization of lambda DNA varies over more than 6 orders of magnitude, from 3.2 x 10(-7) s-1 to 2 s-1, in a Tris-EDTA buffer as a function of spermidine concentration. This variation is strictly correlated with the conformation of the chain. The highest rates are obtained when the chain is collapsed into a dense globular state. The effective concentration of the chain ends in the reaction is then 87 000-fold greater than in the random coil state. These results show that DNA globularity must be taken into account to understand biological processes involving intramolecular DNA-DNA interactions.

Bacteriophage lambda↗

PubMed1999

Single-polymer dynamics in steady shear flow.

The conformational dynamics of individual, flexible polymers in steady shear flow were directly observed by the use of video fluorescence microscopy. The probability distribution for the molecular extension was determined as a function of shear rate, gamma;, for two different polymer relaxation times, tau. In contrast to the behavior in pure elongational flow, the average polymer extension in shear flow does not display a sharp coil-stretch transition. Large, aperiodic temporal fluctuations were observed, consistent with end-over-end tumbling of the molecule. The rate of these fluctuations (relative to the relaxation rate) increased as the Weissenberg number, gamma;tau, was increased.

Bacteriophage lambda↗