PubMed · 9851376
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D I Ben-Tovim, A Esterman. 1998-12-05. Zero progress with hypochondriasis.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)79884-6
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BACKGROUND: There is no consensus on the efficacy of physical training, smoking cessation, and pharmacological therapy (pentoxifylline or nafronyl oxalate) in the treatment of patients with intermittent claudication at Fontaine stage II of disease. METHODS: A MEDLINE and manual search was used to identify relevant publications. Uncontrolled or retrospective studies, double reports, and trials without clinically meaningful outcomes were excluded. Included studies were graded level 1 (randomized and double- or assessor-blind), level 2 (open randomized), or level 3 (nonrandomized). Pain-free and total walking distance were the main outcomes considered; when feasible, end-of-treatment results were combined with appropriate meta-analytical procedures. RESULTS: In 5 level 2 studies, physical training increased pain-free and total walking distance significantly (139.0 m [95% confidence interval {CI}, 31.0 to 246.9 m] and 179.1 m [95% CI, 60.2 to 298.1 m], respectively). In a level 3 study, smoking cessation resulted in a nonsignificant increase in total walking distance of 46.7 m (95% CI, -19.3 to 112.7 m). In 6 level 1 studies, pentoxifylline increased both pain-free and total walking distance by 21.0 m (95% CI, 0.7 to 41.3 m) and 43.8 m (95% CI, 14.1 to 73.6 m), respectively. In 4 level 1 trials, nafronyl significantly increased pain-free walking distance (58.6 m [95% CI, 30.4 to 86.8 m]) and total walking distance (71.2 m [95% CI, 13.3 to 129.0 m]). CONCLUSIONS: Physical training increased pain-free and total walking distance in level 2 studies. Only level 3 studies support the usefulness of smoking cessation. In level 1 studies, pentoxifylline and nafronyl increased pain-free and total walking distance, but the average effects were relatively small.
The regulatory issues faced by institutions performing clinical research are described. Many institutions do not have on staff an expert who understands the regulatory issues involved in managing investigational new drug research and who knows the institution's obligations under the federal rules. Because pharmacists understand the FDA regulations that apply to the management of drugs in clinical research, institutions are asking pharmacists to expand their role and manage clinical research offices. Many authorities govern various aspects of investigational drug research. FDA has published regulations for good clinical practice (GCP), and the International Conference on Harmonisation is developing an international standard for the proper management of clinical trials. The guidelines published by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations aim to protect patients who are in the institution to receive health care and also participate in clinical trials. The Social Security Administration Acts specifically state that only items and services that are reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of injury or disease can be billed to the government; research-related billings are excluded from coverage. Proper management of drug research is crucial to the success of a research program that is integrated with patient care.
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