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PubMed2004

Analysis of the cold-water restraint procedure in gastric ulceration and body temperature.

Gastric mucosal injury induced by body restraint can be enhanced when combined with cold-water immersion. Based on this fact, the present study had two main purposes: (i) to examine the contribution of each of these two forms of stress on the development of gastric ulceration and regulation of body temperature and (ii) to investigate the importance of the animal's consciousness on gastric ulceration induced by the cold-water restraint. Independent groups of animals were exposed for 3 h to one of the following stressful treatments: body restraint plus cold-water (20+1 degrees C) immersion, body restraint alone or cold-water immersion alone. Control animals were not exposed to any form of stress. Half of the animals submitted to each of the four treatments were anesthetized with thionembutal (35 mg/kg), whereas the other half was injected with saline. Results indicated that body restraint alone was not sufficient to induce gastric ulceration or changes in body temperature. On the other hand, cold-water exposure, either alone or in conjunction with body restraint, induced the same amount of stomach erosions and hypothermia. Therefore, it appears that body restraint does not play an important role on gastric ulceration induced by the cold-water restraint procedure. Present results also indicated that conscious and anesthetized animals immersed in cold water presented robust gastric ulceration and a marked drop in body temperature. However, conscious animals developed more severe gastric damage in comparison to anesthetized animals although both groups presented the same degree of hypothermia. These findings suggest that hypothermia resulting from cold-water exposure has a deleterious effect on gastric ulceration but the animal's conscious activity during the cold-water immersion increases the severity of gastric mucosal damage. It is concluded that cold-water restraint is a useful procedure for the study of the underlying mechanisms involved in stress-induced ulceration.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

Fetal and maternal body temperatures measured by radiotelemetry in near-term sheep during thermal stress.

Using implanted radiotelemeters, we have measured amniotic temperature and fetal lamb and pregnant ewe body temperatures continuously over the last 34 days of gestation and during conditions of thermal stress. Body temperature of the fetus was approximately 0.6 degrees C higher than that of the mother, and the fetomaternal temperature difference remained constant over the last 25 days of gestation, until the immediate prepartum period, when it rose. During exposure to mild heat stress (35 degrees C dry-bulb temperature, 24 degrees C wet-bulb temperature), ewe and fetal body temperatures rose, but fetal temperature rose at a slower rate. Thus the fetomaternal temperature gradient fell significantly in the initial exposure period. In an environment of 4 degrees C, body temperature of the pregnant ewes fell, but the fetomaternal gradient did not change significantly. During maternal fever, heat loss from the fetus was compromised; body temperature of the fetus rose more than that of the mother, and the fetomaternal temperature gradient rose significantly. We suggest that mild heat or cold exposure in pregnant animals constitutes little risk of fetal thermal stress. During maternal fever, however, the fetus may be at risk of thermal injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Body temperature in elderly surgical patients.

Body temperatures of 37 elderly surgical patients with fractured hips were measured using tympanic membrane probes. Comparisons were made between patients having the usual body coverings, eight were hypothermic as compared with one of 16 patients with extra body coverings. Temperatures were significantly different between groups intraoperatively (p less than .001) and in the recovery room p less than .002) where the lowest temperatures were recorded. Anxiolytics given preoperatively had a significant negative relationship with lower body temperatures. Careful monitoring of temperatures and extra coverings are recommended for elderly hip fractured patients perioperatively.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Circadian rhythm of the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone and its relationships to rhythms of body temperature and locomotor activity in turkey hens.

Simultaneous measurements of plasma LH, body temperature, and locomotor activity were made in laying turkey hens and are reported. Blood samples were remotely collected using a jugular cannula system, and body temperature and locomotor activity were remotely monitored using a radiotelemetry system in freely moving laying turkeys. Under a photoschedule of 14L:10D, the period for preovulatory surges of LH was 25.7 +/- 0.4 h while the periods for peak body temperature and onset of sustained locomotor activity were 24.9 +/- 0.4 and 25.7 +/- 0.5 h, respectively. During exposure to constant light, the periods for preovulatory surges of LH, peak body temperature, and onset of sustained locomotor activity increased to 27.9 +/- 0.9, 26.7 +/- 0.7, and 27.4 +/- 0.7 h, respectively. With the 14L:10D photoschedule, initiation of LH surges was restricted to the scotophase, but after 8 days of constant light, initiation of LH surges had dispersed throughout the 24-h subjective day and night. With constant light, the amplitude of the peak body temperature rhythm decreased, while the duration of the locomotor activity rhythm became broadened and, in some birds, disorganized. Peak body temperature and onset of locomotor activity rhythms and LH surges did not coincide, even though peak body temperature, onset of locomotor activity, and LH surges had similar periods. It is concluded that 1) the photoschedule influences the periods of the LH surge, peak body temperature, and onset of locomotor activity; and 2) a specific or direct relationship between the rhythms of LH surge, body temperature, and locomotor activity remains to be determined in laying turkey hens.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

When body temperature changes, does rectal temperature lag?

By using temporal artery and rectal thermometers, we followed temperatures in 45 febrile (>38.5 degrees C) infants given an antipyretic drug. Sixty and 90 minutes after drug administration, temporal artery temperatures had decreased significantly more than rectal temperatures. When body arterial temperature changes rapidly, changes in rectal temperature may lag.

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic↗
PubMed1993

A comparison of sweating responses during exercise and recovery in terms of sweating rate and body temperature.

Based on the hypothesis that the relation between sweating rate and body temperature should be different during exercise and rest after exercise, we compared the sweating response during exercise and recovery at a similar body temperature. Healthy male subjects performed submaximal exercise (Experiment 1) and maximal exercise (Experiment 2) in a room at 27 degrees C and 35% relative humidity. During exercise and recovery of 20 min after exercise, esophageal temperature (Tes), mean skin temperature, mean body temperature (Tb), chest sweating rate (msw), and the frequency of sweat expulsion (Fsw) were measured. In both experiments, msw and Fsw were clearly higher during exercise than recovery at a similar body temperature (Tes, Tb). msw was similar during exercise and recovery, or a little less during the former, at a similar Fsw. It is concluded that the sweating rate during exercise is greater than that during recovery at the same body temperature, due to greater central sudomotor activity during exercise. The difference between the two values is thought to be related to non-thermal factors and the rate of change in mean skin temperature.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Turtles (Chelodina longicollis) regulate muscle metabolic enzyme activity in response to seasonal variation in body temperature.

Fluctuations in the thermal environment may elicit different responses in animals: migration to climatically different areas, regulation of body temperature, modification of biochemical reaction rates, or assuming a state of dormancy. Many ectothermic reptiles are active over a range of body temperatures that vary seasonally. Here we test the hypothesis that metabolic enzyme activity acclimatises seasonally in freshwater turtles (Chelodina longicollis) in addition to, or instead of, behavioural regulation of body temperatures. We measured body temperatures in free-ranging turtles (n = 3) by radiotelemetry, and we assayed phosphofructokinase (PFK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), citrate synthase (CS) and cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activities in early autumn (March, n = 10 turtles), late autumn (May, n = 7) and mid-winter (July, n = 7) over a range of assay temperatures (10 degrees C, 15 degrees C, 20 degrees C, 25 degrees C). Body temperatures were either not different from, or higher than expected from a theoretical null-distribution of a randomly moving animal. Field body temperatures at any season were lower, however, than expected from animals that maximised their sun exposure. Turtles maintained constant PFK, LDH and CCO activities in different months, despite body temperature differences of nearly 13.0 degrees C between March (average daily body temperature = 24.4 degrees C) and July (average = 11.4 degrees C). CS activity did not vary between March and May (average daily body temperature = 20.2 degrees C), but it decreased in July. Thus C. longicollis use a combination of behavioural thermoregulation and biochemical acclimatisation in response to seasonally changing thermal conditions. Ectothermic reptiles were often thought not to acclimatise biochemically, and our results show that behavioural attainment of a preferred body temperature is not mandatory for activity or physiological performance in turtles.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2002

Effects of passive body heating on body temperature and sleep regulation in the elderly: a systematic review.

Insomnia in the elderly is associated with circadian body temperature changes. Manipulating body temperature prior to sleep onset may improve sleep quality in the elderly. This systematic review analyzed the effect of passive body heating on body temperature and sleep quality. Three studies related to passive body heating for the elderly identified from a computerized database search were evaluated. All of them used crossover designs to examine effects of passive body heating on sleep quality. Passive body heating such as a warm bath immersed to mid-thorax with 40-41 degrees C water for 30 min in the evening could increase rectal body temperature, delay occurrence of body temperature nadir and increase slow wave sleep (deep sleep) in healthy female elderly with insomnia. The elderly also perceived "good sleep" or "quickness of falling asleep" after the bathing condition. Evening warm bath facilitates nighttime sleep for the healthy elderly with insomnia.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Postoperative deep body temperature rhythm.

The postoperative deep body temperature rhythms of fifteen patients who received aorto-coronary bypass surgery (group I), and of seven patients who received non-cardiac major surgery (group II), were studied. Postoperative patients, especially those who received aortocoronary bypass surgery, showed greatly disturbed deep body temperature rhythm. There existed infradian and ultradian rhythm in both groups, and there existed two patients in group I who did not show sinusoidal rhythm. The patients of group I also showed a longer period of rhythm than did those of group II. The mesor and amplitude of the patients in group I showed a greater individual variation than did those in group II. The acrophase of both groups deviated widely. The patients who underwent cardiac surgery needed a longer time for temperature rhythm recovery than did those who underwent general surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Temporal changes in core body temperature in anesthetized adult horses.

OBJECTIVE: To examine temporal patterns of core body temperatures in adult horses during general anesthesia and to determine the efficacy of forced-air warming blankets in attenuating decreases in core body temperatures. ANIMALS: 5 clinically normal adult horses. PROCEDURE: Horses were assigned to each of 2 trials, warmer and no-warmer, in a randomized crossover design. Horses were instrumented with a thermistor-tipped pulmonary arterial catheter to measure core body temperature. Induction and maintenance of and recovery from general anesthesia were performed in an air-conditioned surgical suite where room temperature and relative humidity were maintained at approximately 21 C and 40%, respectively. Core body temperature measurements were recorded every 5 minutes during 2.5 hours of anesthesia and during recovery until horses could stand. Data were analyzed, using ANOVA for repeated measures. RESULTS: Without warming, mean core body temperature decreased steadily (0.37+/-0.18 C/h). Forced-air warming significantly decreased that rate to 0.19+/-0.09 C/h. In both trials, there was an additional, rapid, significant decrease in core body temperature when horses were moved to the recovery area, which was apparently the result of conductive heat loss to the cold floor. Recovery time and time required for core body temperature to return to baseline were unaffected by forced-air warming during anesthesia and recovery. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Core body temperature decreases steadily in adult horses anesthetized in a cool, dry environment. Forced-air warming devices can attenuate this decrease. Additional body heat can be lost rapidly when anesthetized horses are positioned on cold surfaces during recovery.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1983

Critical O2 transport values at lowered body temperatures in rats.

Whole-body O2 uptake (VO2) in rats was reported not to increase when total O2 transport (TOT = cardiac output X arterial O2 concentration) was increased above normal ranges when body temperature was kept at 38 degrees C (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 53: 660-664, 1982). Similar experiments were performed to see if hypothermic rats at 34 degrees C would increase VO2 with an increased TOT in an effort to generate heat. Anesthetized rats were ventilated with 9 or 12% O2 (hypoxia), room air (normoxia), and O2 (hyperoxia) to vary TOT from 52.6 to 6.6 ml X kg-1 X min-1. VO2 was measured in a closed-circuit, double servospirometer system. Although VO2 was significantly lower at 34 degrees C than the values previously found at 38 degrees C with normoxia and hyperoxia, there was no increase with increasing values of TOT. In spite of a lower plateau value of VO2 at 34 degrees C, the critical value of TOT below which VO2 could not be maintained was nearly the same as at 38 degrees C (22 ml X kg-1 X min-1). The reason for this was that O2 was less completely extracted as TOT was lowered below the critical value in the hypothermic animal. Some of the difficulty in extracting O2 at the tissues was probably due to the decrease in P50 (PO2 at 50% saturation) that occurs with decreased body temperature.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Variation in the three-week body temperature of broilers and Athens-Canadian randombred chickens.

The body temperatures of commercial broilers and an Athens-Canadian randombred population (ACRB), correlations of body temperature with BW, and a sire family heritability (h2) estimate in the ACRB population were obtained. The body temperature of the broilers was significantly lower than that of the ACRB chicks (41.44 versus 41.77 C). Correlations between BW and body temperature were very low for both the broiler and ACRB chicks (.04 and .06). A sire-component h2 estimate of .19 was calculated for 3-wk body temperature in the ACRB population.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

[Thermal tolerance, diel variation of body temperature, and thermal dependence of locomotor performance of hatchling soft-shelled turtles, Trionyx sinensis].

The thermal tolerance, body temperature, and influence of temperature on locomotor performance of hatchling soft-shelled turtles (Trionyx sinensis) were studied under dry and wet conditions, and the selected body temperature of hatchlings was 28.0 and 30.3 degrees C, respectively. Under wet condition, the critical thermal maximum and minimum averaged 40.9 and 7.8 degrees C, respectively. In the environments without thermal gradients, the diel variation of body temperature was highly consistent with the variation of both air and water temperatures, and the body temperature was more directly affected by water temperature than by air temperature, which implied that the physiological thermoregulation of hatchling T. sinensis was very weak. In the environments with thermal gradients, hatchling turtles could maintain relatively high and constant body temperatures, primarily through behavioral thermoregulation. The locomotor performance of hatchling turtles was highly dependent on their body temperature. Within a certain range, the locomotor performance increased with increasing body temperature. In our study, the optimal body temperature for locomotor performance was 31.5 degrees C, under which, the maximum continuous running distance, running distance per minute, and number of stops per minute averaged 1.87 m, 4.92 m.min-1, and 6.2 times.min-1, respectively. The correspondent values at 33.0 degrees C averaged 1.30 m, 4.28 m.min-1, and 7.7 times.min-1, respectively, which indicated that the locomotor performance of hatchling turtles was impaired at 33.0 degrees C. Therefore, extremely high body temperatures might have an adverse effect on locomotor performance of hatchling turtles.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Ultradian and circadian body temperature and activity rhythms in chronic MPTP treated monkeys.

The body temperature and locomotor activity rhythms of seven 1-Methyl, 4-phenyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated cynomolgous monkeys were registered over a week on two separate occasions over an interval of 2 months. Motor disability was absent in two animals and present in five: it was mild in one, moderate in two and severe in two. Both temperature and motor activity were recorded every minute using a radio telemetry system. Analysis of circadian rhythms revealed less robustness of the 24-hour circadian components of body temperature and locomotor activity with increasing motor impairment, and a fragmentation of the body temperature rhythm into 8 hour-period components. Both total activity and daytime activity correlated inversely with the degree of motor impairment. On the contrary, the monkeys did not show differences in night time activity. The proportions of variance accounted for by the body temperature and locomotor activity of 24 h + 12 h + 8 h components were correlated. Also, the average levels at which the circadian rhythm varies between body temperature and locomotor activity were correlated. The results were almost identical in the two 1-week recording sessions. The present study confirms individual differences in the vulnerability to MPTP of the nigrostriatal system of monkeys, suggesting that if a cumulative dose does not provoke stable motor alterations, this cumulative dose will not produce circadian body temperature and locomotor activity rhythm alterations either. Similarly, if a dose is able to produce motor impairment, this dose will also be able to produce circadian rhythm alterations.

Activity Cycles↗
PubMed1981

Some properties of rectum and vagina as sites for basal body temperature measurement.

The choice of site for body temperature measurement and consistency in positioning the thermometer are important in achieving reliable and interpretable basal body temperature graphs in women. The distribution of temperatures in vagina (TV) and rectum (TR) were measured in women upon awakening. There were no significant differences between TR and TV at insertion depths of 5, 9, or 13 cm. Estimation of deep body temperature was not improved by inserting a thermojunction beyond 5 cm in vagina or rectum. Rates of change in TV following ingestion of a 300-ml iced drink were significantly greater than rates of change in TR.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Intravenous fluid administration and management of body temperature].

Hypothermia occurs due to body heat redistribution between core and peripheral tissues as well as imbalance between heat loss and production. Perioperative hypothermia not only induces offensive shivering and prolongation of anesthetic recovery but also increases blood loss and incidence of surgical wound infection, increasing postoperative morbidity. It has been shown that intraoperative intravenous fluid administration and blood product transfusion have considerable effects on body temperature. Thus, it is important to monitor and control the temperature of fluids. Anesthesiologists should have knowledge of the characteristics of the various kinds of fluid warmer currently available and use them appropriately according to surgical procedures and the patient's position. It was reported recently that administration of amino acid can prevent intraoperative hypothermia, possibly by increasing the heat production in the body.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2002

[Body temperature in the super-acute phase of the cerebrovascular disorders: mainly focused on the subarachnoid hemorrhage].

BACKGROUNDS AND PURPOSE: Body temperature in the acute phase of cerebrovascular disorders(CVDs) may influence the outcome. However, the natural course of body temperature after CVDs has not yet been clarified. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the natural courses of body temperature after CVDs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively investigated 681 patients with CVDs(subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH): 478, cerebral ischemia: 47, intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH): 156) who were admitted within 24 h after onset. The body temperature was measured with an electronic thermometer at the axilla on admission. The body temperatures of 73 patients with non-ruptured cerebral aneurysms on admission(admitted between 09:00 and 15:00) were used as normal control group. RESULTS: The body temperature in the control group was 36.49 +/- 0.45 degrees C. In comparison, the temperature in the SAH group was significantly lower(35.88 +/- 1.00 degrees C, n = 338, p < 0.001) when the patients were admitted within 4 h after onset, and significantly higher (36.80 +/- 0.85 degrees C, n = 140, p < 0.05) when they were admitted after 4 h and up to 24 h. There was a significant negative correlation between the severity of the SAH and body temperature within 4 h and a significant positive correlation beyond 4 h. Body temperature in the cerebral ishcemia group was significantly lower than in the control group(36.09 +/- 0.59 degrees C, n = 17, p < 0.05) when the patients were admitted within 2 h, but was close to that in the control group when they were admitted beyond 2 h and up to 24 h after onset (36.45 +/- 0.58 degrees C, n = 30). The falls of body temperature in the super-acute phase in the SAH and the cerebral ischemia groups were observed in patients admitted between 09:00 and 15:00. Although body temperature in the ICH group was slightly lower when the patients were admitted within 4 h and slightly higher when admitted beyond 4 h and up to 24 hours after onset, no significant differences were observed in comparison with the control group. In the super-acute phase of the cerebral ischemia and the ICH, body temperature tended to be lower in the patients with worse condition. CONCLUSION: This study clearly demonstrated that body temperatures in patients with CVDs changed rapidly within 24 h after onset. Body temperature in the SAH group within 4 h and that in the cerebral ischemia group within 2 h after onset was significantly lower than in the control group. These temperature falls were not the products of circadian rhythm. The temperature in the SAH group beyond 4 h and up to 24 h after onset rose significantly. Comparison with normal controls and consideration of the circadian rhythm are important when studying changes of body temperature in patients with CVDs.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗