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PubMed2005

Camel racing injuries among children.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to determine the frequency and severity of camel racing injuries among children aged 5 to 15 years during the period 1992 to 2003 in the State of Qatar. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: The study was conducted in the Hamad General Hospital, State of Qatar, from January 1992 to December 2003. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 275 subjects aged 5 to 15 years with camel racing injuries who were seen at the Accident Emergency Department, Critical Care, and Physiotherapy Departments of the Hamad General Hospital were studied. The sociodemographic information and the details of the injury of the studied subjects were collected. The Abbreviated Injury Scale system was used to determine the severity of injury. RESULTS: Overall, 275 camel racing injuries were reported among boys aged 5 to 15 years. The majority of patients were Sudanese (91.3%). The most commonly injured locations were upper limb (23.2%), lower limb (21.1%), and head (20.7%), followed by other injury locations. Seventeen patients were disabled as a result of their injury, and another 3 injuries were fatal. This study revealed that 34% of injuries were considered to be minor, 22.1% moderate, 18.1% serious, 11.6% critical, and 6.4% maximum. CONCLUSIONS: The injury severity caused by the camel racing significantly affected the length of hospital stay. At present, the government is serious about this problem, and there is a draft of proposed legislation intended to prevent the employment of children below the age of 12 as camel jockeys.

Abbreviated Injury Scale↗

PubMed1996

Comparative pharmacokinetics of paracetamol (acetaminophen) and its sulphate and glucuronide metabolites in desert camels and goats.

Paracetamol was administered at dosages of 5 mg/kg to camels and 10 mg/kg to goats by the intravenous and intramuscular routes. Parent paracetamol had a significantly slower clearance (21.9 +/- 1.4 mL/min.kg. vs. 52.8 +/- 7.3 mL/min.kg) (P < 0.01) in camels than in goats. In camels the predominant metabolite in plasma was the sulphate, although the ratios of glucuronide:paracetamol and sulphate:paracetamol were similar (5.20 +/- 0.50 vs. 6.59 +/- 0.51) following intravenous administration. In goats the glucuronide metabolite was the predominant moiety in plasma, and the area under the curve (AUC) of the sulphate was only 3.89% of that of the glucuronide conjugate. The apparent AUC for paracetamol in the camel following intramuscular administration was larger than that following intravenous administration, however, when the bioavailability (F) was determined, with correction for altered half-life, within the animal and between study phases it was 71 +/- 17% in goats and 105 +/- 26% in camels.

Acetaminophen↗

PubMed2004

Effect of foodstuff contamination by aflatoxin on the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.

Twenty young female adult one-humped racing camels (Camelus dromedarius) kept in camps scattered outside Al Ain city and aged between 3- and 6-years-old, died after a short clinical illness. Affected camels were dull, inappetant and pyrexic, with submandibular oedema and enlargement of submandibular lymph nodes. Of 100 camels within the camps, 31 showed clinical signs. At necropsy examination, the liver of dead animals appeared yellowish, enlarged, congested and friable. The main hepatic histological findings were centrolobular necrosis, haemorrhages and cellular vacuolation. Aflatoxins were detected in sera, liver, ruminal contents and in feed ingested by affected animals. Sera of symptomatic and recovered camels also showed increased levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminases, glutamic pyruvic transaminases, aspartate transaminases, gamma glutamyl transaminases, glucose, urea nitrogen, phosphorus and total iron. Decreased levels of albumin, calcium, cholesterol and triglycerides were also observed. It was probable that aflatoxicosis was responsible for clinical signs and subsequent death of the camels. The need for suitable and appropriate storage conditions of animal feed to prevent fungal growth and aflatoxin contamination is highlighted.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed2006

Cytologic analysis of synovial fluid in clinically normal tarsal joints of young camels (Camelus dromedarius).

BACKGROUND: Camels are important in the racing industry and for milk, meat, and hair production in the Middle East. Evaluation of synovial fluid is an important part of the assessment of musculoskeletal injuries in this species. Information in the literature regarding synovial fluid in camels is limited. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the protein and cellular composition of synovial fluid from the tarsal joints of clinically normal, young camels (Camelus dromedarius). METHODS: Thirty clinically healthy, male camels, aged 9 to 12 months, were used in the study. Synovial fluid samples were collected from the right and left tarsal joints. Samples were processed within 60 minutes after collection. Total nucleated cell counts (TNCC) were assessed using a hemacytometer. Total protein concentration was determined using a refractometer. RESULTS: Forty-six samples were analyzed. The TNCC (mean +/- SD) was 175.8 +/- 136.7 cells/microL (range 50-678 cells/microL). Differential cell percentages were obtained for lymphocytes (58.2 +/- 21.55%, range 15-90%), monocyte/macrophages (38.3 +/- 20.8%, range 10-85%), and neutrophils (3.5 +/- 5.1%, range 0-15%). Protein concentration was 2.1 +/- 0.6 g/dL (range 1-3 g/dL). Significant differences were not observed in any parameters between right and left tarsal joints. CONCLUSION: Synovial fluid reference values were established and may be useful in the clinical investigation of joint disease in young camels.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

How cigarette design can affect youth initiation into smoking: Camel cigarettes 1983-93.

CONTEXT: Internal industry documents may shed light on how cigarettes are designed to promote youth smoking. OBJECTIVE: To determine changes in the design of Camel cigarettes in the period surrounding the "Smooth Character" advertising campaign and to assess the impact of these changes on youth smoking. DATA SOURCES: Internal documents made available through the document website maintained by RJ Reynolds, manufacturer of Camel cigarettes. STUDY SELECTION: Electronic searches using keywords to identify relevant data. DATA EXTRACTION: A web based index search of documents targeting "smoothness" or "harshness" and "younger adult smokers" ("YAS") or "first usual brand younger adult smokers" ("FUBYAS") in the 10 year period surrounding the introduction of the "Smooth Character" campaign was used to identify Camel related product design research projects. A snowball methodology was used: initial documents were identified by focusing on key words, codes, researchers, committees, meetings, and gaps in overall chronology; a second set of documents was culled from these initial documents, and so on. DATA SYNTHESIS: Product design research led to the introduction of redesigned Camel cigarettes targeted to younger adult males coinciding with the "Smooth Character" campaign. Further refinements in Camel cigarettes during the following five year period continued to emphasise the smoothness of the cigarette, utilising additives and blends which reduced throat irritation but increased or retained nicotine impact. CONCLUSIONS: Industry competition for market share among younger adult smokers may have contributed to the reversal of a decline in youth smoking rates during the late 1980s through development of products which were more appealing to youth smokers and which aided in initiation by reducing harshness and irritation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Hypertrophic Z-line observed in aged one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

The ultrastructure of cardiac muscle from 3 aged one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) was examined to see if aged camels also develop hypertrophic Z-lines as observed in the heart of aged humans and other animals. The results proved that the aged camel heart develops hypertrophic Z-lines together with other age-associated alterations, including loss of myofibrils and myofilaments, increase of intermyofibrillar spaces and intercellular spaces, and disruption of mitochondrial cristae and intercalated disc structure. Hypertrophic Z-lines are somewhat smaller than those of other species, but occur both in the atria and ventricles. Although the majority of cardiac muscle samples revealed a normal structure, the finding of hypertrophic Z-lines in camel heart is the first such observation in a ruminant animal. The anomalous camel muscle resembles that of other species in terms of cell alterations commonly associated with aged hearts.

Aging↗

PubMed1996

Total, free, short-chain and long-chain acyl carnitine levels in Arabian camel milk (Camelus dromedarius).

The total, free, short-chain acyl and long-chain acyl carnitine levels were measured in milk of the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius). Significant variation in carnitine concentrations were observed in milk of the camel when compared with other mammalian milk species. The result shows that Arabian camel milk possesses a higher than usual concentration of the average percent contribution of free carnitine to total carnitine that is found in most mammalian milk species. A higher proportion of total carnitine was found in camel milk when compared with cow, human milk and milk formulas, however, it is lower when compared with sheep and goat milk. The higher carnitine content and a higher proportion of total carnitine in milk of the Arabian camel suggest an adaptive mechanism that could be common to desert mammalian species.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Rumen ciliate protozoal fauna of native sheep, friesian cattle and dromedary camel in Libya.

Rumen ciliate species and composition were surveyed on the native sheep, Friesian-cattle and dromedary (one-humped) camels kept in Libya. As a result of survey, 5 genera including 14 species with 5 formae in native sheep, 9 genera including 27 species with 6 formae in Friesian-cattle and 6 genera including 13 species and 7 formae in dromedary camels were identified. All of the ciliate species and their percentage composition detected from the Libyan sheep and cattle in this examination were similar to those found from corresponding animals in the other countries. Libyan camels lacked some peculiar ciliate species found from camels in the other countries, but had many cosmopolitan species common with those in the domestic ruminants, suggesting that ciliate faunae of camel are easily affected by the other domestic ruminants kept together. The ciliate density was estimated as 105/ml in every host species.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

B-chain shortening of matrix-bound insulin with pepsin, II. Preparation and properties of camel des-pentapeptide (B26-30)- and des-PheB1-des-pentapeptide (B26-30)- insulin.

Digestion of matrix-bound camel insulin with pepsin was found to be restricted to the cleavage of the peptide bond between phenylalanine(B25) and tyrosine(B26). Purification of the camel des-pentapeptide(B26-30)-insulin obtained was achieved by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography, yielding a molecularly uniform product. In the same way, camel des-PheB1-insulin prepared according to a method described for bovine insulin was hydrolyzed with pepsin and purified to give the des-PheB1-despentapeptide(B26-30)-insulin. The biological activity of these modified camel insulins was found to be as much reduced as the corresponding bovine insulin analogues. However, the reduced biological activity of camel des-PheB1-insulin (60%) was a contrast to the fully active bovine des-PheB1-insulin.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1992

Dermatophilosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius Linnaeus, 1758) in Kenya.

Natural dermatophilosis (caused by Dermatophilus congolensis Van Saceghem, 1915) has only recently been described in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Further work has shown that the disease is actually widespread. At the Ol Maisor farm where it was first diagnosed (in the Laikipia district of northern Kenya), detailed investigations have revealed that thirty camels (ten calves and twenty adult animals) were infected. The signs varied from mild to more than 50% skin involvement. Patches of wool on the rump were easily detachable with many hard, white crusts. Similarly, another twenty camels from a totally different area of northern Kenya (Samburu district) were found to be infected with D. congolensis. Bacterial isolation was used to confirm the diagnosis. At Ol Maisor farm, twenty sheep were also found to have severe dermatophilosis. There were scabs and many areas of wool shedding. The shed wool had crusts similar to those observed on camels. Experimental infection with D. congolensis isolated from camels was conducted, by means of scarification, on the skin of two goats. The same experimental infection was possible in two calves, taking two weeks to become established. After thirty days there were disseminated foci of infection on the heads of the calves, especially around the eyes. Although these findings cannot show the actual source of D. congolensis, it is possible that the same organism causes dermatophilosis in the different animals.

Actinomycetales↗

PubMed1994

Outbreaks of contagious ecthyma in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the Turkana district of Kenya.

Mortality among camel calves (Camelus dromedarius) is one of the most serious problems faced by camel herdsmen and, although there are several reasons for this mortality, diseases play a major role. In an investigation of outbreaks of contagious ecthyma in camels in the Turkana district of Kenya, four outbreaks were detected involving only camel calves. The principal lesions were distinct or largely coalesced pustules on the mouth, nose and muzzle. Direct electron microscopy of infected scabs was used to confirm the presence of the virus. Secondary infection of the pustules was common in affected calves. Morbidity in affected herds was 100%, with no adult involvement. Affected calves were unable to suckle properly. In all outbreaks, there was a concurrent outbreak of contagious pustular dermatitis in goat kids in the same household. Contagious ecthyma is an important disease in camels, contributing to calf debility and eventually to high calf mortality.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Growth, viability, and proteolytic activity of bifidobacteria in whole camel milk.

Four species of bifidobacteria were evaluated for growth, viability, and proteolytic activity in whole camel milk, and comparison was made with whole cow milk. Growth of all species in either whole milk was characterized by the appearance of two logarithmic phases following anaerobic incubation at 37 degrees C for 36 h. The growth rate of Bifidobacterium longum 15,707 was higher in camel milk than in bovine milk and was higher for Bifidobacterium angulatum 27,535 in bovine milk than in camel milk. Bifidobacterium bifidum 2715 and Bifidobacterium breve 2258 showed the same trend as B. angulatum 27,535 after 16 h of postinoculation. Viable counts of all species except B. bifidum 2715 increased in the fermented whole milks during the first 3 d of storage at 4 degrees C. However, such counts did not change in unfermented milk, except for B. longum 15,707, which showed an increase in viable counts after 12 d of storage. Viability of all species in both fermented and unfermented milks was unaffected during refrigerated storage for 15 d. All species except B. longum 15,707 showed higher proteolytic activity in fermented camel milk than in bovine milk. However, proteolytic activity of all species except B. breve 2258 started at d 9 in unfermented camel milk only and increased sharply until the end of the storage period.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Alternative splicing of lactophorin mRNA from lactating mammary gland of the camel (Camelus dromedarius).

The objective of this study was to determine the corrected structure of lactophorin, a major whey protein in camel milk. The protein had 60.4% amino acid sequence identity to a proteose peptone component 3 protein from bovine whey and 30.3% identity to the glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 in mice. The N-terminal heterogeneity of the protein was a result of alternative mRNA splicing. About 75% of the protein was expressed as a long variant A with 137 amino acid residues and a molecular mass of 15.7 kDa; about 25% was as a short variant B with 122 amino acid residues and a molecular mass of 13.8 kDa. Both proteins are probably threefold phosphorylated. In contrast to the related proteins, no glycosylation was found in camel lactophorin. Because of this difference, specific interaction with carbohydrate binding proteins, as reported for the murine protein, can be excluded, and a function of the protein other than cell recognition or rotaviral inhibition is proposed. The concentration of lactophorin in camel milk was found to be about three times higher than the concentration of the bovine homologue in bovine milk. Pronounced similarities existed between the primary and secondary structures of bovine and camel proteins. We speculated that camel lactophorin has a similar function to that of bovine protein in milk, which is supposed to be the prevention of fat globule aggregation and the inhibition of spontaneous lipolysis by lipoprotein lipase.

Alternative Splicing↗

PubMed1999

Surgical repair of a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament in a dromedary camel.

A 14-year-old dromedary camel was examined because of lameness of the left hind limb of 3.5 months'duration. The camel injured the stifle joint when it slipped while reclining into sternal recumbency. Radiography did not reveal major abnormalities that could account for the lameness, but nuclear scintigraphy revealed increased radionuclide uptake in the left stifle joint. Intra-articular injection of anesthetic further localized the injury to the area of the left stifle joints, and arthroscopy of that joint revealed rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. Surgical repair of the ligament was attempted, using an autogenous graft obtained from the tensor fascia lata muscle. Outcome for the camel initially was considered good on the basis of a substantial improvement in attitude, apparent increase in comfort, and decrease in lameness. The tendency for the camel to remain in sternal recumbency after surgery increased the number and severity of postoperative complications. The camel was doing well 9 months after surgery; however, it was euthanatized 16 months after surgery because of a 4-month episode of lameness. Necropsy revealed chronic osteoarthritis and bilateral rupture of the cranial cruciate ligaments.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Isolation of ovulation-inducing factors in the seminal plasma of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) by DEAE-cellulose chromatography.

Ovulation in the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) depends upon the ovulation-inducing factor in the seminal plasma; however, little research has been conducted to isolate and identify the factor. The current study attempts to isolate and identify the bioactive fractions from the seminal plasma of Bactrian camel. The seminal plasma was fractionated by diethylamino-ethylcellulose (DEAE)-cellulose chromatography and five protein fractions were obtained. The bioactive of each fraction was estimated by rat pituitary tissue culture in vitro and by the intramuscular injection of the bioactive fraction to the female camels in vivo. The concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the pituitary culture media before and 6 h after the addition of each fraction and in the peripheral blood plasma collected from the camel immediately before and hourly after the injection of the active fraction were measured by radioimmunoassay. The results demonstrated that the third fraction (L3) had the bioactive potential to stimulate the release of LH in vitro from 11.82 +/- 1.77 to 25.63 +/- 3.84 mIU/ml after the addition of L3 to the culture media. The in vivo concentrations of LH in the blood plasma of the camel increased from 6.43 +/- 0.14 before to 15.50 +/- 2.64 ng/ml 6 h after injection of L3. However, the concentrations of FSH did not show any significant changes either in vitro or in vivo. The results clearly demonstrated the existence of LH-releasing associated fractions in the seminal plasma that appears to be separated by DEAE-cellulose matrix and the isolated L3 fraction might be the ovulation-inducing factor or one of its components.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Evaluation of mono- and polyclonal antibody-based antigen detection immunoassays for diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection in the dromedary camel.

Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), one based on a mouse anti-Trypanosoma brucei group-specific monoclonal antibody and the other on rabbit anti-Trypanosoma evansi polyclonal antibodies, have been evaluated for their ability to detect circulating trypanosome antigens in camel sera as a means for the diagnosis of T. evansi infections. All 91 sera from a negative control camel herd from Kenya gave negative antigen-ELISA results in the monoclonal antibody-based ELISA and only 2 of them (2.2%) gave false positive results in the polyclonal antibody-based ELISA. In subsequent analyses of sera from infected camels (as determined by mouse inoculation), the monoclonal antibody-based ELISA detected antigens in 90 (83.3%) out of the 108 sera tested. This percentage was lower for the polyclonal antibody-based ELISA which was able to detect antigens in 67 (60.9%) out of the 110 sera tested. The two tests detected probably different antigens and when the results were combined, 99 out of 107 (92.5%) sera were shown to be ELISA positive. In a survey involving 316 camels from the Gao and Nara areas, in Mali, a high proportion of animals tested were antigen positive (43.5 and 42.9%, respectively for the mono- and polyclonal antibody-based ELISA) compared to only 22 (7.0%) diagnosed by the parasite detection techniques. Thus, these immunoassays were at least six times more sensitive than the haematocrit centrifugation technique. As a large proportion of cases may be antigen positive but parasite negative, these two of "surra" immunoassays should be used in routine diagnosis in addition to the parasite detection techniques in the dromedary camel.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Camel milk for food allergies in children.

BACKGROUND: Food allergies in children are often very serious and can lead to anaphylactic reactions. Observations that camel milk ameliorates allergic reactions were noted over the years. The effect of camel milk is probably related to its special composition. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of camel milk in several children with severe food (mainly milk) allergies. METHODS: We studied eight children with food allergies who did not benefit from conventional treatment. Their parents, or their physicians, decided to try camel milk as a last resort. The parents were advised by the authors - who have considerable experience with the use of camel milk - regarding how much and when the children should drink the milk. The parents reported daily on the progress of their children. RESULTS: All eight children in this study reacted well to the milk and recovered fully from their allergies. CONCLUSIONS: These encouraging results should be validated by large-scale clinical trials.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Serological evidence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever viral infection among camels imported into Egypt.

A serosurvey was conducted during 1986-87 to determine evidence of prior Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) viral infection among camels imported into Egypt from Sudan and Kenya. Sera obtained from camesl arriving at the Aswan quarantine station, southern Egypt, were tested for CCHF antibody by the agar gel diffusion (AGD) and the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) techniques. CCHF viral antibody was demonstrated in 14% (600/4301) of the camels, with both techniques yielding similar results. CCHF viral antibody prevalence among camels imported from Sudan was lower (12%) than among camels imported from Kenya (26%). Ganjam and Qalyub viral antibody was not detected among the 600 CCHF viral antibody positive sera, but 7% (44/600) were positive for Dugbe viral antibody. CCHF viral antibody was not demonstrated in 400 sheep and 200 cows of native animals. These data indicate that camels imported from Sudan and Kenya had previous CCHF viral infection, but evidence of transmission to animals of Egypt was not obtained. Further studies are needed to assess the possible role of imported animals in the ecology and epidemiology of CCHF virus in Egypt.

Animals↗