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PubMed2005

Neurological diseases of the Cavalier King Charles spaniel.

Several neurological syndromes have been described in Cavalier King Charles spaniels and many of the conditions have similar clinical signs. The current knowledge of these syndromes is reviewed in this article, with the aim of enabling the general practitioner to formulate a differential diagnosis and plan for diagnostic tests and treatment. Specifically, the article discusses and contrasts the most common conditions seen, Including occipital hypoplasia/syringomyelia, episodic collapse, epilepsy and vestibular disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Chiari 1/syringomyelia complex in a King Charles Spaniel.

A 9-year-old King Charles Spaniel presented with a history of progressive forelimb weakness and paroxysmal involuntary flank scratching over a 2-year period. Neurological examination suggested a myelopathy of C1 to C4 spinal cord segments. Advanced imaging studies revealed hydrocephalus, caudal herniation of part of the caudal lobe of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum and marked syrinx formation to the level of the caudal thoracic spine, resembling Arnold-Chiari malformation with secondary hydromyelia in humans. Mechanical obstruction at the craniocervical junction, altering CSF flow dynamics, may lead to syrinx formation. Response to diuretic therapy was moderate but surgical decompression may offer better long term prognosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Idiopathic thrombocytopenia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of asymptomatic idiopathic macrothrombocytopenia in the population of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) in New South Wales (NSW) and to determine if it exhibits an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. We also aimed to determine if significant differences existed when counting platelets manually, by auto analyser or by blood smear estimation in CKCS and mixed breed dogs. METHODS: Blood was collected from 172 dogs (152 CKCS and 20 mixed breed) and placed into sodium-citrate anticoagulant. Platelet counts were performed manually, by auto analyser and by blood smear estimates in CKCS and mixed breed dogs. Blood smears were also examined for platelet clumping and erythrocyte, leukocyte and platelet morphology. Pedigree analysis was performed to determine if an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern was supported. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was found in platelet counts between CKCS and mixed breed dogs (P < 0.0001). CKCS had a platelet count that was 32% that of the controls (95% confidence interval, 28 to 37%). There was no significant difference between methods used to count platelets. Thirty percent of CKCS had macrothrombocytes. Pedigree analysis and examination of obtained and expected segregation ratios from 17 CKCS families supported an autosomal recessive pattern of Mendelian inheritance. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of idiopathic macrothrombocytopenia exists in CKCS in NSW and automated or blood smear estimates are sufficient to count platelet numbers. Data supports an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Decreased platelet function in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with mitral valve regurgitation.

With aggregometry, increased platelet activity has been reported in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) without mitral regurgitation (MR). In contrast, dogs with MR have been found to have decreased platelet activity. The purpose of this study was to test an easy bedside test of platelet function (the Platelet Function Analyzer [PFA-100]) to see if it could detect an increase in platelet activity in CKCS without MR and a decrease in platelet activity in CKCS with MR. This study included 101 clinically healthy dogs > 1 year of age: 15 control dogs of different breeds and 86 CKCS. None of the dogs received medication or had a history of bleeding. The PFA-100 evaluates platelet function in anticoagulated whole blood under high shear stress. Results are given as closure times (CT): the time it takes before a platelet plug occludes a hole in a membrane coated by agonists. The CT with collagen and adenosine-diphosphate as agonists was similar in control dogs (median 62 seconds; interquartile interval 55-66 seconds) and CKCS with no or minimal MR (55; 52-64 seconds). The CT was higher in CKCS with mild MR (regurgitant jet occupying 15-50% of the left atrial area) (75; 60-84 seconds; P = .0007) and in CKCS with moderate to severe MR (jet > 50%) (87: 66-102 seconds; P < .0001). CKCS with mild, moderate, and severe, clinically inapparent MR have decreased platelet function. The previous finding of increased platelet reactivity in nonthrombocytopenic CKCS without MR could not be reproduced with the PFA-100 device.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Water pollution: organic compounds in the Charles River, Boston.

The major lipophilic organic compounds present in water collected during November and December 1971 from the Charles River Basin (Boston) are as follows: normal alkanes (C(15) to C(31)), alkyl naphthalenes, alkyl anthracenes or phenanthrenes, pyrene, fluoranthene, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. The concentration of the naphthalenes (determined by liquid chromatography) correlates with the effective storm-water runoff content of the river. These data suggest a multiplicity of sources ranging from indigenous biological materials to automobile exhaust condensate.

Alkanes↗
PubMed2004

Charles Bonnet syndrome in Asian patients in a tertiary ophthalmic centre.

AIMS: To describe the epidemiology of Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) among patients in an Asian tertiary ophthalmic centre and to describe the characteristics of the hallucinations experienced. METHODS: 1077 consecutive patients aged 50 years and above were asked a standardised question to determine if they had ever experienced formed visual hallucinations. All patients who experienced these symptoms were further interviewed using a detailed, standardised questionnaire to ascertain if they met the diagnostic criteria established for CBS. RESULTS: There were 491 men (45.6%) and 586 women (54.4%). The best corrected visual acuity ranged from 20/20 to light perception in the better seeing eye and from 20/20 to no light perception in the worse seeing eye. Four patients (0.4%) were diagnosed with CBS; two men and two women. There were two Chinese and two Indians. The average age of the CBS patients was 76.3 years (range 65-90 years). Two patients had cataracts, one had glaucoma, and one had both cataracts and glaucoma. A wide variety of visual hallucinations were reported. Three out of four patients experienced a negative reaction to their hallucinations. Only one patient had discussed his symptoms with a doctor. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report on the epidemiology of CBS in Asian patients. The prevalence rate of CBS (0.4%) is slightly lower than in comparable studies in non-Asian populations. The nature of the hallucinations experienced were similar to those previously reported.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Visual hallucinations and Charles Bonnet syndrome after photodynamic therapy for age related macular degeneration.

AIMS: To report on visual hallucinations and Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) that may occur in patients with age related macular degeneration (AMD) treated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin for choroidal neovascularisation (CNV). METHODS: 100 consecutive patients were asked to respond to an orally administered questionnaire on visual hallucinations following PDT. Three groups of patients, respectively without visual hallucinations, with unstructured visual hallucinations, and with structured hallucinations-that is, CBS, were compared by ANOVA, Scheffe's test, or the chi(2) test, to establish whether age, sex, or visual acuity, as scored on ETDRS charts, are risk factors for the occurrence of visual hallucinations. RESULTS: Five patients (5%) described transient structured visual hallucinations, including known or unknown faces and geometric patterns. Fifteen patients (15%) reported photopsias and flashing lights of various colours. These symptoms usually occurred a few days after PDT. There was no significant difference between the group of patients with structured visual hallucinations and the two other groups, with regard to age (p =0.435), sex (p =0.406), or visual acuity (p =0.835). CONCLUSIONS: Visual hallucinations and CBS appear to be a possible, although unrecognised, side effect of PDT for CNV, which occur just after treatment. These results suggest the need to include the possibility of visual hallucinations in the information given to patients before PDT.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Echocardiographic mitral valve prolapse in cavalier King Charles spaniels: epidemiology and prognostic significance for regurgitation.

This study investigated the epidemiology and prognostic significance of mitral valve prolapse, detected by ultrasonography, in 153 cavalier King Charles spaniels which were screened consecutively during a period of one year. Seventy-five of the dogs, which had either no murmur or a grade I murmur on screening, were reexamined three years later. The screening revealed that 82 per cent of the dogs aged one to three years and 97 per cent of the dogs over three years had various degrees of mitral valve prolapse. The presence and severity of the condition were independent of gender but correlated positively with age and negatively with bodyweight. The degree of mitral valve prolapse at screening correlated with the regurgitation status (murmur intensity and size of the regurgitant jets) at re-examination and with the percentage increase in the left ventricular end diastolic diameter over the three-year period. The presence of a grade I murmur was not a useful prognostic indicator.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Charles Dotter: interventional radiologist.

Coronary and peripheral vascular diseases are leading causes of death and disability throughout the world. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty has had a profound influence on the treatment of these diseases, resulting in salvage of thousands of limbs without surgery. The concepts and innovations of Charles Dotter, inventor of angioplasty and widely proclaimed father of interventional radiology, affect the practices of all physicians engaged in the treatment of coronary and peripheral vascular disease. The highlights of his life and research are described herein.

Angioplasty, Balloon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Charles Bonnet syndrome with auditory hallucinations: a diagnostic dilemma.

Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) appears to be commoner in elderly people than was previously thought. Nonetheless, as yet, no firm diagnostic criteria have been established for CBS, leaving the need for well-defined diagnostic criteria describing this syndrome unfulfilled. Two recently proposed diagnostic criteria for CBS insist on an absence of hallucinations in modalities other than visual. However, we experienced 2 cases suffering from probable CBS who experienced auditory hallucinations. In this report, we recommend that even if CBS coexists with other hallucinations, we should not exclude CBS as a probable diagnosis when the patients recognize their hallucinations as unreal. We believe that this modification of CBS diagnostic criteria will contribute to psychiatric epidemiology by correcting the current underestimation of CBS prevalence.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

The discovery of encephalic arteries. From Johann Jacob Wepfer to Charles Foix.

Up until the 17th century, ideas surrounding the discovery of encephalic arteries were to remain largely influenced by the political and religious ideologies of the era. Parts of the encephalic arterial system have been called after several anatomists from this earlier period. From the 18th century onwards, scientists and doctors in particular, liberated themselves from the political and religious trends which had governed their work in previous centuries. Some progress was made by applying the clinico-anatomical method to neurology, but it was only at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century that discoveries about encephalic arteries had gained ground. During the same period, anatomists in several countries were producing detailed descriptions of this arterial system. Moreover, this period saw the advent of the first generation of vascular neurologists, one of whom, Charles Foix, is considered as the founder of the discipline.

Cerebral Arteries↗
PubMed2005

Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities: a case report of posttraumatic stress disorder.

In posttraumatic stress disorder, a traumatic event is persistently re-experienced in the form of intrusive recollections, dreams or dissociative flashback episodes; cues to the event lead to distress and are avoided, and there are persistent symptoms of increased arousal. While this diagnostic concept has been widely discussed and its existence questioned, a novel written by Charles Dickens long before it was included in any diagnostic system can be viewed as an early case report of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Arousal↗
PubMed2006

The hidden order of preformation: plans, functions, and hierarchies in the organic systems of Louis Bourguet, Charles Bonnet and Georges Cuvier.

In eighteenth-century French natural history, the notion of preformation was not only a model for a small preexisting embryo that gradually extended its shape through the influx of particles, but also for an order that coordinated the dynamic relation between organic parts. Preformation depended therefore also on a hidden order behind the continuity of visible forms. Louis Bourguet, Charles Bonnet, and Georges Cuvier distinguished three organizational levels: First, the synchronic or functional order of organic systems; second, the diachronic order of the initiation of mechanical processes; and third, the hierarchical order that regulates the interaction of organic parts. In this essay, I reconstruct and compare the three organizational levels in the writings of Bourguet, Bonnet and Cuvier, relate their models of organic unity to the principle of perfection, and contrast these models with Georges Buffon's critique of system theories.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Steroid-responsive charles bonnet syndrome in temporal arteritis.

The authors report a patient with biopsy-proven temporal arteritis who manifested Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS). Treatment with steroid resulted in prompt resolution of visual hallucinations, despite persistent visual loss, suggesting that cerebral ischemia is a cofactor for the development of CBS.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

The Charles Bonnet syndrome: a brief review and case report.

A case of a woman with visual hallucinations in the absence of other organic or psychiatric findings--symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of Charles Bonnet syndrome--is reported. The women was HIV positive, although asymptomatic for conventional complications of HIV infection. After considering possible causes of the hallucinations, including prescription drug effects and conversion or factitious disorder, the authors suggest that the woman's symptoms may have been associated with undetectable effects of HIV on the brain.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed1989

Charles Rennie Mackintosh and cancer of the tongue.

The Scottish architect and artist Charles Rennie Mackintosh died of an advanced cancer of the tongue at the age of 60 in 1928. He was treated by radium which was a controversial method at that time. There is good evidence that he was well palliated, and was able to live a fairly normal life for over a year. In recent years there has been an increase in interest in Mackintosh's life and work, but an examination of the literature of the 1920s shows that despite advances in treatment methods over the past 60 years, this has not been matched by an improvement in survival rates for cancer of the tongue. In this unpleasant tumour which history has shown to be particularly resistant to attempts at cure it is important that quality of life is fully considered.

Architecture↗
PubMed1991

Incidence, distribution, and morphology of amyloidosis in Charles Rivers CD-1 mice.

The incidence, morphology, and distribution of amyloidosis were reviewed in a 2-year toxicity-oncogenicity study in Charles Rivers CD-1 mice. Amyloid was present in the duodenum, jejunum, mesenteric lymph node, and ovary in animals sacrificed at 8 months. In animals sacrificed at 12 months, amyloid was also present in the adrenal gland, gall bladder, heart, ileum, kidney, pancreas, parathyroid, spleen, glandular stomach, testis, and thyroid. In the animals sacrificed at 24 months, the gland was also involved. The organs most frequently involved at 24 months included the adrenal gland, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, heart, kidney, liver, mesenteric lymph node, ovary, spleen, and thyroid.

Adrenal Glands↗