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PubMed2004

[Surveillance of resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to anti-TB drugs in Cuba, 1995-1998].

Drug-resistance surveillance by means of culture and drug susceptibility test (DST) allows the estimation of the regional and global magnitude of multidrug-resistance (MDR). Two reports on anti-tuberculosis drug resistance by the WHO/IUATLD showed that drug-resistance TB varied widely across regions. This work determined the prevalence of drug resistance among new cases and among previously treated cases of tuberculosis in Cuba during the period 1995-1998. Drug resistance was determined using the proportion method in 1379 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains to first line antituberculosis drugs (isoniazid, streptomycin, ethambutol and rifampicin). The resistance in new cases was 8.3% and 6.5%; MDR was 0.7% and 0% in the first and second study respectively. The contributed data through Cuba demonstrated that our country is relatively free of MDR strains, recognizing it to world level the good tuberculosis-control programs and the success of the application in our country of the directly-observed-treatment strategy from the year 1971.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Determination of glutathione-S-transferase activity in Culex quinquefaciatus strains in Cuba and other Latin American countries].

In the present paper, we standardized a microtitration assay for the determination of specific activity of glutathione-S-transferase using a Culex quinquefasciatus strain selected in lab with pyrethroid insecticide lambdacyhalothrin for 6 generations (SP6). The saturation values for reduced glutathione and 1-chlorine 2,4-dinitrobenzene were 15 mM and 40 mM, respectively; we also estimated that 3 minutes was the optimal time in order to differentiate resistant strain SP6 from the susceptible reference strain S-Lab (p>0.05). Additionally, the optimized microtitration method allowed testing 4 Culex strains from Cuba (SANTIAGO DE CUBA, SD4, QUIBU AND SP6), one from Venezuela (MIRANDA), one from Colombia (MEDELLIN) and the other from Brazil (RIO DE JANEIRO) for glutathione-S-transferase activity. MIRANDA showed the highest activity for this detoxifying enzyme. However, the mechanism of detoxyfication in all the strains was very unfrequent, which indicates that its role in resistance to insecticide for all the studied strains is not so important. Glutathione-S-transferase values were compared with non-specific esterase and altered acetylcholinesterase frequencies for each of the studied strains.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Lyme disease in Cuba? Report of possible cases].

Two possible cases of Lyme disease, which has not been reported in Cuba, but whose existence has been suspected for some years, are reported. These cases that were bitten by ticks and presented signs and symptoms compatible with this disease, according to literature, were serologically confirmed by different laboratory techniques (indirect immunofluorescence, ELISA and Western Blotting). The results suggest the presence of this borreliosis in Cuba.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cross resistance to pyrethroids in Aedes aegypti from Cuba induced by the selection with organophosphate malathion].

A strain from Aedes aegypti (L) collected in the municipality of Santiago de Cuba with low levels of resistance to malathion (1.79x) was subjected to selection pressure aimed at evaluating the evolution of the resistance to this organophosphate and its usefulness for control. After 5 generations of selection (SAN-F5) with malathion, it was not possible to increase the resistance and it was obtained a value of resistance factor (FR50) of 2.22x. None or little cross resistance to the following organophosphate insecticides was observed: fenthion, temephos and fenitrotion; however, it was found an elevated cross resistance to deltamethrin pyrethroid, with a value of 287.5x in the third generation of selection. It was also observed cross resistance to other pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and ciflutrine). The mechansim of elevated esterases did not generate resistance to pyrethroids, which was corroborated through inhibition gel studies and through the calculation of the frequency in microtitering plaques. Nevertheless, there was an increase in the frequency of the glutathione-s-transferase mechanism from 0.049 in Santiago de Cuba to 0.42 in SAN-F5, which may be associated with the resistance to pyrethroids. The cross resistance to pyrethroids, mainly to deltamethrin, resulting from the selection with malathion may limit the use of these insecticides in the control unless a good strategy for their use is laid down.

Aedes↗
PubMed2004

[The design and development of a quality system for the diagnosis of exotic animal diseases at the National Centre for Animal and Plant Health in Cuba].

A quality system for the diagnosis of exotic animal diseases was developed at the national centre for animal and plant health (CENSA), responsible for coordinating the clinical, epizootiological and laboratory diagnosis of causal agents of exotic animal diseases in Cuba. A model was designed on the basis of standard ISO 9001:2000 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), standard ISO/IEC 17025:1999 of ISO and the International Electrotechnical Commission, recommendations of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and other regulatory documents from international and national organisations that deal specifically with the treatment of emerging diseases. Twenty-nine standardised operating procedures were developed, plus 13 registers and a checklist to facilitate the evaluation of the system. The effectiveness of the quality system was confirmed in the differential diagnosis of classical swine fever at an animal virology laboratory in Cuba.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2006

Dissemination of Salmonella enterica serotype agona and multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium in Cuba.

The molecular epidemiology, antimicrobial susceptibility, and mechanisms of resistance of 34 Salmonella spp. strains causing acute gastroenteritis, isolated from different provinces in Cuba, were determined. Sixty-four percent of the strains showed multiresistance. Salmonella typhimurium was the most frequent with 15 strains (44%), 13 of which belonged to phagotype 104 and presented similar genetic profiles of pulsed field gel electrophoresis. High levels of resistance to tetracycline (53%), spectinomycin (50%), ampicillin (44%), and chloramphenicol (41%) were found. Resistance to tetracycline was associated with the tet G and tet A genes. Resistance to ampicillin was caused by the presence of beta-lactamases, mainly the CARB type. The floR gene was the main mechanism of resistance to chloramphenicol. Our results showed an antimicrobial susceptible clone of Salmonella enterica serotype Agona in two separate regions. This is the first report of the widespread dissemination of a multiresistant clone of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 in Cuba.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of health care financing in Egypt and Cuba: lessons for health reform in Egypt.

Egypt and Cuba are both lower-middle income countries with a history of socialist rule, which have embarked on economic liberalization since the 1990s. Cuba has achieved exemplary health status whereas health status in Egypt is lower than could be expected for its level of income. In this article, health care financing mechanisms in both countries are analysed on their effectiveness, efficiency, and equity, with the objective of identifying the determinants of success in the Cuban health system from which valuable lessons for current health reforms in Egypt may be derived.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A first report on Cubanichthys cubensis (Eigenmann, 1903) (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae), a bioregulator of culicids for the central region of the island of Cuba].

For the first time, for the central region of Cuba, a report is made of the larvivorous fish Cubanichthys cubensis, an endemic species important as bioregulators of mosquito larvae due to its remarkable ecological adaptation, which allows its development in different aquatoria (fresh, brackish and sea vater). Up to now the species had only been reported in the West of the country. On this occasion, this species was found in a pound of brackish water and abundant vegetation, known as La Redonda, located in the Morón municipality, Ciego de Avila. This species lives together with other larvivorous fish such as Gambusia puncticulata, G. punctata, Girardinus metallicus and Limia vittata. All of them are excellent bioregulators of larva populations for mosquitos which have a medical and epidemiological importance for Cuba.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Selection of insensitive acetylcholinesterase as a resistance mechanism in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Santiago de Cuba.

A sample of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) from Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, with a high level of propoxur resistance compared with the reference susceptible Rockefeller strain (12.60 x at the 50% lethal concentration [LC50] and 18.08 at the 90% lethal concentration [LC90]), with a 4.3% frequency of insensitive acetylcholinesterase (AChE) frequency, was subjected to propoxur selection for 13 successive generations to increase the frequency of this resistance mechanism in Ae. aegypti. High resistance to propoxur was developed during this selection (41.73-fold), and the frequency of insensitive AChE mechanism was increased 13.25-fold. Other mechanisms (overproduced esterases, glutathione transferases, or monooxygenases) were not detected in the propoxur-selected strain. The selection of an insensitive AChE resistance mechanism in Ae. aegypti has important implications and will be a valuable resource for genetic studies and molecular characterization of the ace gene mutation(s) associated with insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1990

Cuba's health care policy: prevention and active community participation.

In Cuba, health care is considered a human right for all citizens; health care is therefore a national priority. Cuba's health policy emphasizes prevention, primary care, services in the community, and the active participation of citizens. These emphases have produced an impressively high ranking on major health indicators, despite economic handicaps. The Cuban experience demonstrates the influence of ideological commitment and policy-making on the provision of health care and challenges the assumption that high-quality care for all citizens requires massive financial investment. The evolution of the Cuban health care system since the revolution thus has implications for the U.S. health care system; specifically, it suggests that the equitable distribution of health care services in the United States requires a national health insurance and service delivery system.

Cuba↗
PubMed1990

[Nitrite and nitrate content of meat and sausage products in the Republic of Cuba].

283 samples of meat and sausages made from pork from the Meat-Works Colombia in the Country of Las Tunas--Republic of Cuba--have been analysed on their contents of nitrite and nitrate. On an average the investigated quantities lie much below the present tolerance limit in Cuba (125 mg/kg nitrite and 500 mg/kg nitrate). The authors recommend to lower the tolerance limit for nitrate in meat and sausages to 300 mg/kg.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Health manpower in Cuba].

Since 1959 Cuba has tripled the quantities of its medical facilities, equipment and health services to the population. In this setting, the health manpower is sufficient to attain the goals of the public health plan. In 1985 the manpower requirements were met 100% (247,2 health workers for every 10,000 inhabitants). The geographic distribution betrays the usual urban-rural imbalance, but is improving; this is exemplified by Havana, whose share of the country's physicians has dropped from 63% in 1959 to 29.9% today. Health manpower in Cuba being sufficient in numbers and qualifications, the recommendations are aimed at improvement in such aspects as the assimilation of modern technology, greater emphasis on prevention and primary care, and the provision of one physician for 120 families or 600 persons by establishing the specialty of comprehensive general medicine.

Cuba↗
PubMed1983

Dark tobacco and lung cancer in Cuba.

A retrospective epidemiologic study of 826 cytologically and/or histologically confirmed lung cancer cases (219 females and 607 males), 979 hospital controls, and 539 neighborhood controls was undertaken in Havana, Cuba, to investigate whether the high lung cancer mortality rates in this country could be explained by the cigarette and cigar consumption habits, including the smoking of dark-tobacco cigarettes. Relative risk(s)(RR) of lung cancer among cigarette smokers were 7.3 in women and 14.1 in men and increased consistently with various measures of exposure to smoke. The findings suggested that duration of smoking, daily number of cigarettes consumed, and inhalation practices have independent effects. Most Cubans smoked dark tobacco. RR were higher for dark-tobacco users than for light-tobacco users (RR = 8.6 vs. 4.6 for women and 14.3 vs. 11.3 for men), but the differences were reduced after adjustment for amount smoked. Cigarette smoking was associated with all histologic types of lung cancer, although the risk for adenocarcinoma was lower than that for the other types. Men who smoked exclusively cigars had a fourfold risk of lung cancer. Mixed smokers (i.e., cigar and cigarette smoker) had a greater RR than cigarette-only smokers (15.0 vs. 14.1), which was perhaps related to the unusually deep and frequent inhalation of cigar smoke. The data support the hypothesis that smoking patterns account for the higher lung cancer mortality in Cuba than in other Latin American countries.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1982

Health care: lessons from China and Cuba.

Health has improved in Cuba and China during the past quarter of a century. Some of the improvements in health occurred as economic conditions improved in both countries, but there are other similarities of health care delivery in China and Cuba. Collective activity plays an important role in health care in both nations; both do health planning centrally, but local communities control the daily activities of the health services that they use. Techniques that have improved health in underdeveloped nations might be applied in underserved areas of the United States.

China↗
PubMed1982

[Epidemiology of anthracnosis and eye spot disease, conclusions for its prognosis of occurrence and its control in the Republic of Cuba].

The course of attacks by anthracnosis and by the eye spot disease on branches, leaves, and fruits of Coffea arabica L. were investigated in Cuba. The daily precipitation and the shading are most influential for both diseases. There are marked differences in the attacks between the rainy season (highest attacks) and dry season (decreased attacks). Lack of shading increases the susceptibility of the plants to the eye spot disease. Under the conditions in Cuba, unshaded plantations exhibited an increased occurrence of anthracnosis. In order to predict the occurrence of anthracnosis, it is necessary to know the seasonal course of the sporulation capacity of the agent on the branches, for the eye spot disease to know the course of attacks on the leaves. The possibilities are discussed of controlling the two diseases.

Coffee↗
PubMed1995

Dietary factors in epidemic neuropathy on the Isle of Youth, Cuba.

An epidemic neuropathy that broke out in Cuba in late 1991 has exhibited clinical manifestations similar to those of other polyneuropathies of nutritional origin. To investigate its possible association with diet, a study was conducted on the Isle of Youth in 1993, at the start of an outbreak there. Thirty-four subjects with cases and 65 controls were interviewed regarding their diets, measured anthropometrically, and evaluated. As a whole, the subjects with cases demonstrated greater weight loss before the onset of disease, lower body mass indexes (BMI), lower percentages of body fat, and more deficient diets than the control subjects. Analysis of individual variables found associations between occurrence of the disease and the following: weight loss, low BMI, a broad range of specific dietary deficiencies, a sugar intake exceeding 15% of total caloric intake, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Also, protective associations were found between absence of the disease and regular consumption of certain foods at or above specified levels. Multivariate analysis indicated that while smoking and alcohol consumption reinforced the effects of the dietary deficiencies, they did not account for occurrence of the disease by themselves. Overall, the results indicate that diets which are deficient in caloric energy, protein, fat, and the micronutrients included in the study, and which reflect an imbalance resulting from a relative excess of sugar, with consequent effects on body weight, are strongly associated with, and causally related to, the occurrence of epidemic neuropathy in Cuba.

Adult↗