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PubMed1998

Codependency in nursing students: recognition and modification of behavioral characteristics.

Recent literature estimates that there are approximately 2 1/2 million nurses; of these a significant number may exhibit signs of codependency, a behavior pattern that impedes an individual's ability to relate to others on mature level. Codependency develops in dysfunctional family systems and manifests itself in compulsive behaviors that make life painful and work emotionally difficult. Often, constructive communication is difficult as codependent persons tend to feel low self-esteem and low self-worth. Nursing students may exhibit characteristic codependency traits among fellow students in the classroom, in the clinical setting, and in interactions with faculty. Nurse educators, through their own self-awareness, introspection, and knowledge of the behaviors and characteristics of codependency, can facilitate more effective communication with all nursing students to promote healthier interactions and relationships. Techniques to modify one's method of interacting with others have clear potential for improving professional as well as personal relationships.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1995

Psychological symptomatology in spouses and adult children of alcoholics: an examination of the hypothesized personality characteristics of codependency.

The concept of codependency has been advanced to explain certain psychological traits purported to be characteristic of spouses and adult children of alcoholics. To test the validity of this hypothesized syndrome, 97 female subjects living with either an alcoholic (SA), a psychiatric patient (SP), or dentistry patient (SD) were studied; approximately 50% of subjects had a positive family history (FH+) for alcoholism. All subjects were administered an extensive battery of psychological tests. The results revealed significantly greater levels of psychological symptomatology among the SA and FH+ subjects, in part consistent with the hypothesized symptomatology of codependency.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Codependency and family cohesion and adaptability: changes during treatment in a therapeutic community.

Codependency is a significant factor in the understanding of addiction to psychoactive substances. The present study examined changes in the level of codependency and perceived family relationships of drug-using residents in the three therapeutic communities in Israel in the course of their treatment. The findings indicate significant changes in both the level of codependency and the residents' perceptions of their family relationships between the beginning and the reentry stages of their treatment. On the other hand, no significant associations were found between their level of codependency and their perceptions of their family relationships. The findings are discussed in relation to the nature of addiction, the family processes, the treatment in the therapeutic community, and the addicted person's perseverance in that community.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Responding to the codependent employee.

Codependence is an important human disorder that is disturbingly prevalent. When codependence is viewed as a psychological concept, it offers a useful framework for evaluating and responding to problematic behavior. While nursing the addicted and codependent patient and family is an emerging specialty that is helping address the national health care problem of addictions, until now the nursing literature has provided little assistance with the need to recognize codependency from a broad perspective in nursing management. This field offers important and unexplored terrain for the creative and scholarly nurse to assist in developing nursing knowledge. This article has summarized key information about the general problem of codependency and suggests how to apply this information to the setting of the nurse manager. When a nurse manager responds to codependent behavior with understanding and firm control, feelings of security for codependent individuals can be increased and optimum performance will be facilitated.

Codependency, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Codependency: a feminist perspective.

1. Our understanding of psychological life has been underdeveloped and distorted because explanations have been created by only one half of the human species. The current broad and encompassing disease definition of codependency may devalue some of women's greatest strengths. 2. The disease model of codependency, it may be argued, is rooted in extant, reductionist models that suggest a developmental pathway of separation and individuation leading to an autonomous and independent maturity. 3. The feminist model of Growth in Connection proposes that the flowering of the self occurs within the development and maintenance of relationships in which accurate and mutual empathy is both the goal and the motivation toward growth.

Codependency, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transition management as an intervention for survivor syndrome.

In today's health care environment of merged organizations, downsizing and restructuring, employees can be experiencing a debilitating syndrome called "layoff survivor syndrome." This syndrome can have a crippling effect on workers and organizations as employees struggle to adapt to the changed working environment. This article represents my self-reflection as a nursing unit manager who personally experienced survivor sickness and witnessed its impact on the unit staff that I was leading at the time. The work of Noer (1993) is explored to clarify the syndrome and describe how the nursing staff and I manifested the syndrome. The writings of Bridges (1991), Brockner (1992) and Noer (1993) provide timely and relevant insights into managing the impact of layoffs and downsizing on those left behind to carry on. Noer (1993) sees the adaptation to the change as the ability to make the psychological shift from the old business paradigm that perpetuated codependency to the new business paradigm of fostering empowered employees. Bridges (1991) takes us a step further in making this psychological shift to adapt to the new work environment by providing a three phase process he calls transitions. The works of these three authors hold an important message for organizations and employees working in environments that abound with constant change.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

"Codependency". A disease or the root of nursing excellence?

A hermeneutic phenomenological study was conducted to explore how eight professionally competent nurses experienced and evaluated the relation between their childhood adaptation to dysfunctional families and their nursing careers. From the participants' discussion of this topic, the following themes emerged: escaping difficulties by becoming a nurse, coping roles guide nursing career, sensitivity to the untold, transforming dysfunctional responses, and wounded healers. The study did not support the view that children of alcoholics seek careers in nursing to meet their codependent needs for self-esteem, control, or belonging. Instead, its findings indicate that some children of alcoholics become competent nurses by finding positive application for the coping skills they learn in their families. This indicates that, when working with individuals from dysfunctional families, nurses could support them to create new avenues for their coping skills instead of trying to "exterminate" them because of their "codependent" nature.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Is codependency a meaningful concept?

The concept of condependency has achieved a prominent place in the psychiatric, psychological, and addiction literature in a remarkably short period of time. Although the term was first developed in the substance abuse treatment arena, specifically referring to the wives of men who abuse alcohol, codependency has more recently been used almost generically to describe a dysfunctional style of relating to others (Irwin, 1995). The manner in which definitions of codependency have become increasingly inclusive are probably related to continuing input from the both the fashionable self-help movement and from some psychiatric perspectives. The purpose of this article is to review proposed definitions of codependency, discuss issues related to the validity of the codependency construct, and summarize efforts aimed at producing instruments to measure codependency. Additionally, I will address implications of this concept as related to psychiatric nursing education, practice, and research.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The Holyoake Codependency Index: investigation of the factor structure and psychometric properties.

The Holyoake Codependency Index is being developed to measure the extent to which a person endorses codependent beliefs and attributions. A 28-item pilot version was administered to 39 male and 268 female clients of a family counseling agency. Factor analysis, used to identify the shortest version with acceptable reliability, yielded a 13-item final version comprising three subscales (external focus, self-sacrifice, and reactivity). The subscales correspond to key themes within the literature on codependency. Scores on each subscale correlated significantly in the predicted direction with relevant measures of psychological functioning; providing initial evidence of construct validity. The 13-item scale was administered to a general community sample of 303 women and the factor structure was fully replicated. Internal consistency of the subscales ranged from .74 to .84 with the family counseling sample and from .73 to .83 with the general community sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Validation of the holyoake codependency index.

Some clinicians working with families with alcohol or other drug problems continue to use the codependency model to guide their practice despite the limited empirical support for this approach. Research into codependency has been hampered by the lack of psychometrically sound instruments. The Holyoake Codependency Index (HCI; G. E. Dear & C. M. Roberts, 2000) is a 13-item self-report measure of codependent traits that has previously shown adequate to high reliability, initial evidence of construct validity, and an internal structure that is consistent across samples. In the 4 studies reported here, the internal structure of the HCI was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis, and further evidence of construct validity was found in that the HCI subscales showed meaningful associations with other psychological and demographic variables.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Codependency.

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Adaptation, Psychological↗