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Results for “Cognitive function”

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PubMed2026

Effects of six weeks of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation with and without creatine monohydrate on cognitive function and markers of health in healthy adults.

BACKGROUND: Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation has been reported to increase brain creatine content more effectively than creatine monohydrate (CrM). However, the effects on cognitive function are unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this proof-of-concept exploratory clinical trial was to determine whether GAA supplementation with and without CrM affects cognitive function and/or markers of health. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized, and counterbalanced manner, 58 healthy and active adults (33 females, 35.5 ± 14 years, 76.2 ± 14 kg) ingested a PLA (PLA, 2 × 6 g/d maltodextrin), GAA (2 × 1 g/d) + PLA (2 × 5 g/d), or GAA (2 × 1 g/d) + CrM (2 × 5 g/d) for six weeks. The participants donated fasting blood samples and completed a battery of tests and questionnaires assessing various aspects of function, mood, stress, sleep quality, and markers of health at baseline and after six weeks of supplementation. Data were analyzed using General Linear Model (GLM) multivariate and univariate with repeated measures, and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals, and Chi-squared analysis, and considered significant when the probability of error was 0.05 or less, and approaching significance (p > 0.05-p < 0.10). RESULTS: GAA supplementation tended to improve overall reaction time (-241.8 ms [-533, 50], p = 0.10) while significant interaction effects were observed in overall reaction time (p = 0.031-330 ms [-629, -31]) and YES reaction time (-290 ms [-484, -96], p = 0.004) while recalled correct reaction time (-178 ms [-374, 21], p = 0.078) and recalled correct YES (7.4 % [-1, 15.8], p = 0.084) approached significance compared to PLA. Limited to no effects were observed on the Delayed Picture Recognition Task Test, Digit Vigilance Task Test, Corsi Block Task Test, or Stroop Color-Word Task Test. The amount of time engaged in moderate physical activity was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the GAA group compared to PLA. Participants in the GAA group reported a lower frequency of controlling irritations (p = 0.036), and feeling like difficulties are mounting (p = 0.053) on the Perceived Stress Scale. Some positive and potentially undesirable effects were observed in sleep quality assessments. The quality of life assessment revealed that participants in the GAA group reported less frequent feelings of being worn out (p = 0.068) and that their health was excellent (p = 0.092) while those in the GAA + CrM group reported more frequent limitations when bending, kneeling, or stooping (p = 0.053), more often feeling full of life (p = 0.081), and less frequency in feeling downhearted and depressed (p = 0.066). No clinically meaningful changes were observed in blood markers or self-reported side effects among the groups. CONCLUSION: Dietary supplementation with GAA (2 g/d) and the combination of CrM (10 g/d + GAA 2 g/d) for six weeks improved delayed verbal episodic recognition memory and retrieval speed and some measures of perceived stress, sleep quality, and quality of life. However, most cognitive tests were not affected, particularly when comparing the GAA to the PLA group; there were some inconsistencies in the findings, and several differences only approached significance. Additional research is needed before conclusions can be drawn. Clinical trial registration: ISRCTN68542582.

Humans↗

PubMed1982

The neuropsychology of cognitive function.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Brain↗

PubMed1982

Early cognitive functioning: sex and race differences.

Six scales of early cognitive functioning were administered at three times (eight months, four and seven years) to 3013 black and white, male and female children. Hypotheses addressed the nature and extent of longitudinal sex differences in cognitive abilities among racial groups varying in physical maturation. Controlling for selected socioeconomic influences, a slight sex by race interaction was found at four and seven years. Generally, white females scored somewhat lower on cognitive tests than white males, whereas black females scored equivalently or somewhat higher than black males. Test score differences among the four sex and race groups were more apparent in seven-year spatial abilities relative to verbal abilities. Findings are discussed in terms of possible maturational and environmental influences on cognitive abilities among different sex and race groups.

Child↗

PubMed1994

[Effects of CDP-choline on dynamic changes in LCBF and cognitive function in demented subjects--an H2 15O-PET study].

We studied correlations of serial changes in local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) after single intravenous (i.v.) injection of cytidine diphosphate choline (CDP-choline) to changes in cognitive function in demented subjects after its daily administration for one week. The study group consisted of 7 patients with dementia of vascular origin (VD group; mean age 65.0 years) and 3 patients with dementia of non-vascular origin (non-VD group; 64.7 years). Cognitive function was evaluated with the Japanese version of the Cross Cultural Cognitive Examination (CCCE). After i.v. injection of CDP-choline, mean supratentorial LCBF increased with the maximum value at 40 minutes post-injection in the VD-group, but decreased in the non-VD group (Type, n.s.; Time, n.s.; Type x Time, p < 0.01; ANOVA). The number of the pass-tasks in CCCE increased significantly after the 7 days-injection of CDP-choline only in the VD group (p < 0.05), while it was fairly stable in 15 control patients, who were matched in age and severity of dementia to the study patients. In this group, a change in the number of pass-tasks was significantly correlated with those in LCBF at ROIs in the left and right temporal cortices and the right thalamus. In the non-VD group, there were no significant changes of mean supratentorial LCBF and of the number of pass-tasks in CCCE. These results may be attributable to difference in availability of the acetylcholine neurotransmitter system in the brain between VD- and non-VD patients.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

The relationship between psychosocial and cognitive functioning in schizophrenic patients and expressed emotion and communication deviance in their parents.

The relationship between the family variables of expressed emotion (EE) and communication deviance (CD) and patient attributes of cognitive functions and clinical symptoms were examined. Eleven schizophrenic patients and their parents were evaluated at the beginning and the end of a 2-year treatment programme. The test battery for the patients included the Global Assessment Scale (GAS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and a cognitive test battery. Parents' CD was evaluated with the Communication Conflict Situation and their EE level with Camberwell Family Interview. A significant correlation between patients' GAS score and mother's criticism score was found. The cognitive variable of backward masking was the measure that most consistently showed a close relationship to parent's EE level. The masking measure also differentiated significantly between parents who improved and parents who did not improve on EE during the 2-year treatment period. An empirical basis for a link between patients' cognitive functioning and parents' style of communication was not found.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Cognitive function in recent-onset demyelinating diseases.

To determine cognitive disturbances in recent demyelinating disease, we studied 21 patients with definite or probable multiple sclerosis (MS) of less than two years' duration and nine patients with recently isolated optic neuritis. None had any clinical or social evidence of cognitive impairment. Mild to moderate cognitive impairment. Mild to moderate cognitive impairment was present in 18 (60%) of 30 cases, affecting visual and/or verbal efficiency. These abnormalities were statistically significant when compared with the results of a control group of 29 patients. There was no correlation with a depressive status, between the presence of cognitive impairment and either the degree of handicap or the activity of the disease. The frequency of cognitive dysfunction (60%) appears to be comparable to that reported in other series in which MS evolution is over ten years. The natural history of cognitive functions in MS has to be identified. Neuropsychologic tests could be useful in the diagnosis of monosymptomatic or paucisymptomatic forms of MS (ie, visual or medullary).

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Cognitive functioning and survival in psychogeriatric patients.

The relationship between cognitive functioning and survival was studied among 92 people referred to a psychogeriatric assessment unit. A follow-up 4-5 years later showed that the nonsurvivors initially had lower scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) than the survivors. The differences were greatest among individuals with nondementia diagnosis. Survival curves showed that about 50% of those who scored less than or equal to 19 on MMSE had died within 2 years but more than 60% of those who scored greater than or equal to 20 were still alive 4-5 years after the initial assessment.

Aged↗

PubMed1984

The relationship between dietary intake of choline, choline serum levels, and cognitive function in healthy elderly persons.

This study was designed to obtain information on normal dietary intake and serum levels of choline in a healthy elderly population and to observe the relationship between blood levels of choline and cognitive function. Two hundred fifty-eight healthy volunteers with a mean age of 72 years were recruited, and blood samples and dietary histories were obtained. All subjects were ambulatory, living at home, free of serious medical illnesses, and taking no prescription medications. Cognitive abilities were assessed by the Halstead Category Test, a nonverbal test measuring abstract thinking, and the Wechsler Memory Scale, using the multiple scoring method, which measures both long- and short-term memory. The mean value for serum choline was 13.16 micron with a standard deviation of 3.31. Serum choline levels were found to increase with age, but no difference was found between serum choline levels for men and women. There was no association between dietary intake and serum choline levels, nor could a relationship be found between serum choline levels and cognitive function.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1988

Mood and cognitive functions in anaesthetists working in actively scavenged operating theatres.

Twenty-two anaesthetists participated in a study to assess the influence of occupational exposure to anaesthetic agents on mood (arousal and stress) and cognitive functions. In a cross-over design, each anaesthetist worked one day in a reference facility (for example, intensive care) and another day in a scavenged operating theatre where time-weighted exposure averaged nitrous oxide 58 p.p.m. and halothane 1.4 p.p.m. The results showed that arousal scores reached a peak in the middle of the theatre day, but this appeared to reflect the nature of operating theatre work rather than exposure. Reports of stress were also unaffected by exposure, although higher scores were associated with longer and more demanding work. Similarly, there was no evidence that exposure impaired performance of tasks assessing syntactic and semantic reasoning, verbal and spatial memory, sensory-motor reaction time and attention. Performance in these tasks was, however, sensitive to the cognitive demands of the tasks and to naturally varying non-exposure factors. It is concluded that, compared with the reference condition, the concentrations of anaesthetic agents found in actively scavenged operating theatres have no detrimental effect on either the mood or the cognitive functions of anaesthetists.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Abnormalities of cognitive functions in IDDM revealed by P300 event-related potential analysis. Comparison with short-latency evoked potentials and psychometric tests.

The possible influence of diabetes on the higher mnestic and cognitive functions has been investigated. The P300 wave latency, an endogenous electrophysiological event, was explored and compared with the multimodal short-latency evoked potential (EP) recordings (visual [VEP], brainstem auditory [BAEP], and median and tibial nerve somatosensory EPs [mSEP and tSEP, respectively]) and psychometric test measures in 16 insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) patients, in 16 age- and (IDDM) sex-matched nondiabetic subjects, and in a large normal reference population. The age of subjects, the duration of IDDM, and the metabolic control of patients were taken into account. P300 values were significantly increased in IDDM versus matched control subjects (P less than 0.001), and 3 patients showed values above the reference value range. Abnormal VEP recordings were present in 1 of 16 patients, BAEP in 3 of 16, mSEP in 7 of 16, and tSEP in 6 of 16. Digit-span backward test results were significantly (P less than 0.02) modified in the diabetic cohort. There was no tendency for anomalies of P300, short-latency EPs, and psychometric test values to be contemporarily present, except in 1 patient. Electrophysiological or psychometric abnormalities were not clearly correlated with the duration of IDDM or the degree of short-term metabolic control. These findings give evidence that 1) higher cognitive functions may be affected in diabetes as documented by P300 analysis and short-term memory tests, 2) endogenous electrophysiological analysis highlights neuropsychological changes not detectable by psychometric tests, 3) an alteration of evoked potentials was present in half of the IDDM subjects studied, and 4) anomalies of the CNS are patchily distributed in diabetes.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1986

Orofacial dyskinesia, cognitive function and medication.

The presence of tardive dyskinesia in a sample of 43 patients with schizophrenia and 37 psychopaths who had been hospitalised for many years and exposed to large amounts of medication was assessed while testing their cognitive function. Subjects who showed no evidence of abnormal movements performed significantly better on the test of delayed recall, but there were no differences in performance on any of the other tests of cognitive function used. Multiple regression analysis revealed that age and the total lifetime dose of neuroleptic medication received (in chlorpromazine equivalents) were the only variables to predict the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale score, although a large amount of variance in this variable was unaccounted for. The duration of treatment with neuroleptics did not predict AIMS score.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1993

Daytime sleepiness and cognitive functioning in sleep apnea.

Our earliest findings relating sleepiness to cognitive function revealed that, among patients with the symptom of excessive somnolence, sleep apneics were the most impaired on cognitive tasks. Although the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) has been the standard diagnostic test for assessing daytime sleepiness, the maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) has clinical advantages over the MSLT when the assessment of daytime alertness is the primary goal. A number of studies on patients with sleep apnea and narcolepsy indicate that the MWT is more sensitive to treatment-related improvements in sleepiness. However, sleep tendency, as measured by the MSLT, and ability to remain awake, as measured by the MWT, probably represent the same physiological process viewed from different perspectives. Some patients, particularly those who have received suboptimal treatment, will show no treatment-related improvement in daytime sleepiness if they are evaluated only by the MSLT. We believe that the MWT and MSLT measure different aspects of the central problem of abnormal sleep tendency. The MWT may be a useful adjuvant daytime test in clinical situations where it is necessary to quantify degree of impairment or effectiveness of treatment.

Cognition Disorders↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of cognitive functions in patients with chronic renal insufficiency].

Fifteen undialyzed and thirteen dialyzed patients affected by chronic renal failure were studied by means of an extensive neuropsychological battery with the aim of assessing the incidence of a deterioration of cognitive functions. Mean performances scores obtained by the two groups of patients were compared with analogous scores obtained by a group of control subjects similar as for literacy and age. The comparisons among the three groups did not reveal any difference as for performance scores obtained to various tasks nor for the global assessment derived for the entire battery. Furthermore our data do not point out any significative correlation between global performances on neuropsychological battery and blood levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen or duration of dialytic treatment of renal subjects. In conclusion, the results of our study do not show evidence of cognitive impairment in subjects affected by chronic renal failure and do not confirm the hypothesis of a detrimental effect of prolonged periods of dialytic treatment on cognitive functions.

Blood Urea Nitrogen↗

PubMed1992

Non-right handedness among ELBW and term children at eight years in relation to cognitive function and school performance.

The relationship between handedness, neurological and cognitive deficits, and school difficulties was investigated in 114 extremely low-birthweight (ELBW) children and 145 term controls at eight years. The prevalence of non-right handedness (left and mixed) was 31 per cent for ELBW children and 19 per cent for controls. ELBW children with neurological impairments were significantly more likely to be non-right handed. No significant differences were noted between right-handed and non-right handed ELBW children and controls on tests of cognitive function, school performance and prevalence of learning difficulties. These findings suggest an association between neurological impairment and non-right handedness, but do not support the hypothesis of early brain insult resulting in subtle cognitive deficits and suboptimal school performance among non-right handed ELBW children.

Achievement↗

PubMed1984

Assessing cognitive functioning of the elderly with the 'Inventory of Piaget's Developmental Tasks'.

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability, validity, and utility of the 'Inventory of Piaget's Developmental Tasks' (IPDT) with elderly persons. The IPDT is a paper-pencil assessment of levels of cognitive functioning. Seventy elderly adults responded to a battery of instruments. Reliability and validity estimates for the IPDT were acceptable. Data indicated that the IPDT has promise as a clinical assessment of cognitive functioning. Implications for patient teaching by nurses is discussed and suggestions for clinical use are made.

Aged↗

PubMed1986

Changes in specialized cognitive function following changes in hormone levels.

Increase of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in men by injection of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) prevented improvement in a spatial orientation test relative to a placebo condition. By contrast, performance on a fluency task was significantly increased after LHRH injection relative to the placebo condition. These data support between-subject results where FSH was negatively correlated with visuospatial skills and positively correlated with fluency. There was no change in cognitive function in males following injection of testosterone. There were also no fluctuations in cognitive function that coincided with hormonal fluctuations of the menstrual cycle in women.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of cognitive function in elderly patients treated with naproxen. A prospective study.

Cognitive functions were assessed in 12 elderly patients prior to and following a three-week therapeutic course of Naproxen, 750 mg/day. Four of the patients deteriorated in one of the four cognitive tests, one of these patients in two tests. However, none of these changes reached statistical significance. Although non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can cause some cognitive alteration in the elderly, this change is mild, and its clinical meaning questioned.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Cortical DC-potentials as electrophysiological correlates of hemispheric dominance of higher cognitive functions.

Cortical activation during cognitive processing was assessed with a new, noninvasive electrophysiological method: Cortical DC-potentials were recorded from frontal, central, temporal and parietal electrode positions on the scalps of 150 normal adult subjects while they performed cognitive tasks involving language, calculation, music and spatial vision. During the 10-s registration period, shifts in DC-potentials were analyzed with reference to a baseline 3-s preperiod. 15-30 trials were averaged. A lateralized preponderance of negativity by more than 3 microV was used as the criterion of hemispheric dominance. Language tasks caused left-sided lateralization in 76% of the right-handers (n = 80), bilaterally equal surface negativity in 15% and right-sided lateralization in 9%. During the same tasks, 22% of the left-handers (n = 45) had right-sided lateralization. Calculation tasks produced left-sided lateralization in 65% of the right-handers and left-handers. Music tasks caused more right-sided (53%) than left-sided (39%) lateralization dependent on musical training. Visuospatial processing yielded a right temporoparietal lateralization in 77%.

Adolescent↗