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PubMed1999

Sex, competitiveness, and intimacy in same-sex friendship in Hong Kong adolescents.

One of the alleged reasons that males report lower intimacy in same-sex friendships than females is that males tend to be more competitive than females, but this assumption has not been empirically tested. In the current study, 121 Hong Kong adolescents filled out Chinese versions of the Intimate Friendship Scale and the Competitiveness Index. As predicted, females reported having more intimate same-sex relationships than males, and they scored lower on competitiveness than males. However, the correlations between scores on the Competitiveness Index and the Intimate Friendship subscales were small and nonsignificant, suggesting that the sex difference in intimacy was not a function of competitiveness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Competitive social strategies in groups of deprived and experienced rhesus monkeys.

Behavior during competition for water was observed in 2 social groups of young rhesus monkeys (3 females, 3 males in each). Monkeys in one group were socially deprived and those in the other were socially experienced (raised with mother and agemates). Social status, based on dyadic recording of displacements at the water bottle, was predictive of a number of measures related to water consumption and social orientation in both groups, but this measure was less reliable and predictive for the experienced group than for the deprived groups, but this measure was less reliable and predictive for the experienced group than for the deprived group. A major reason for the comparatively low predictive value and reliability of status among experienced monkeys was their ability to influence the behavior of higher status members through responses directed to a 3rd party and other elaborate social strategies, many of which depended on responding to status relations between 2nd and 3rd parties. The fact that such strategies were only observed in the experienced group is a clear indication that the development of higher orders of social cognition is dependent on early social experience.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Consumer-driven health care marketing.

In this article, a health care marketing executive takes an opposing view: That the consumer will not only continue to exercise choice but also, at annual renewal time, veto power. In part, that is because the consumers are feeling the rising cost of health care much more directly than in the past, through ever-higher premiums, deductibles and copayments. As they assumed more of the burden of medical care delivery, consumers are becoming more knowledgeable about and discriminating toward the health care system and provider plans they are offered. They understand--as does their employer--that no longer are all health care plans alike or at parity with each other. The consumer is also demanding greater access to freedom of provider choice, quality of health care coverage.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1986

The effects of clonidine on food consumption and food competition in male stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides).

The effects of clonidine on noncompetitive and competitive feeding were examined in three adult male stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides). Noncompetitive feeding was examined when the subjects were individually-caged or group-caged. Clonidine (1.0 mg/kg) administered IM substantially increased food consumption over control values in all subjects in both housing situations. The effects of clonidine on competitive feeding behavior were evaluated in the group-caged environment. Food competition was assessed by recording the number of chows retrieved from a common food box by each subject. Food retrieval was increased in the lowest-ranking subject when clonidine was administered to all subjects. Retrieval decreased in the middle-ranking subject and was unchanged in the highest-ranking subject. Administration of clonidine to individual subjects did not increase food retrieval. It is concluded that since the hyperphagic property of clonidine was only apparent during noncompetitive food-getting, that other drug-behavioral interactions prevented an increase in food retrieval during competitive situations.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The effects of azaperone, a sedative neuroleptic of the butyrophenone series, on dominant-subordinate behaviour in wistar rats competing for food.

The effects of azaperone, a sedative neuroleptic of the butyrophenone series with outstanding anti-aggressive and anti-shock activity on dominant-subordinate relationship in pairs of rats, competing for food, are described. Treating the dominant rat of a pair with azaperone, a dose related weakening (at 0.16 and 0.31 mg/kg) and reversal (at 0.63 mg/kg and above) of the initial strong dominant-subordinate relationship is demonstratedmat 5 mg/kg the dominant-subordinate reversal is complete until the end of the test session. Dominant-subordinate relationships are modified by azaperone at doses far below those inducing gross behavioural changes. The present results point at a normalizing effect of azaperone on social interaction through inhibition of aggressive responsiveness.

Aggression↗
PubMed1997

Human aggression in evolutionary psychological perspective.

This article proposes an evolutionary psychological account of human aggression. The psychological mechanisms underlying aggression are hypothesized to be context-sensitive solutions to particular adaptive problems of social living. Seven adaptive problems are proposed for which aggression might have evolved as a solution--co-opting the resources of others, defending against attack, inflicting costs on same-sex rivals, negotiating status and power hierarchies, deterring rivals from future aggression, deterring mates from sexual infidelity, and reducing resources expended on genetically unrelated children. We outline several of the contexts in which humans confront these adaptive problems and the evolutionary logic of why men are cross-culturally more violently aggressive than women in particular contexts. The article concludes with a limited review of the empirical evidence surrounding each of the seven hypothesized functions of aggression and discusses the status and limitations of the current evolutionary psychological account.

Aggression↗
PubMed1990

Neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine alters the behavior of enriched-impoverished rats in a novel test environment.

The hypothesis that neonatal norepinephrine (NE) depletion lessens the behavioral consequences of differential housing was tested. Male Wistar rats were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or vehicle twice within 24 hr of birth, weaned at 25 days, and reared under either impoverished (IC) or enriched conditions (EC) for 30 days. In 3 experiments, rats were tested in the Morris water maze, the colony-intruder test, and 2 tests of dominance. 6-OHDA treatment reduced cortical and hypothalamic NE concentrations and increased brainstem NE concentrations. EC housing increased cortical dopamine (DA). Behavioral differences caused by postweaning enrichment-isolation were reduced by neonatal NE depletion, primarily in early test trials. The authors conclude that forebrain NE afferents from the locus coeruleus are important for housing-related behavioral changes and responsivity to novel testing environments.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed1992

Gender, academic achievement, and preferences for cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning among African-American adolescents.

In this study, we investigated the relationships among gender, academic achievement, and student preferences for cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning in a sample of 136 African-American adolescents enrolled in sixth and seventh grades in a school in Georgia. We used the Learning Preference Scale for Students (LPSS; Barnes, Owens, & Straton, 1978) to measure cooperative, competitive, and individualistic preferences. Three two-way ANOVAs (Gender x Academic Achievement) were conducted, in which the three learning preferences were the dependent variables. Gender had a significant effect on the preference for cooperative learning, with girls reporting a higher preference for this method than boys did. For the other two learning preferences, no significant gender differences were found. Academic achievement did not correlate significantly with any of the three learning preferences. A two-way interaction between gender and academic achievement was observed for competitive learning preferences. Girls' preferences for competition increased as academic achievement increased; boys' preferences for competition decreased as academic achievement increased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Stress factors in the development of coronary artery disease.

The epidemiologic evidence that stress contributes to cardiovascular disease is reviewed. No one characterization of stress has been associated with all manifestations of cardiovascular disease, yet specific characterizations have been associated with particular manifestations of disease. Type A behavior pattern is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) and is correlated with the severity and progression of atherosclerosis demonstrated angiographically. Work overload with job dissatisfaction also predisposes to CAD. Socioeconomic disadvantage in a society of urbanization and industrialization increases the risk of hypertension and CAD, while chronic states of anxiety, depression, and helplessness are associated with angina and sudden death. Traumatic life events, especially involving loss of or threat to self-esteem, may precipitate sudden death in patients with preexisting CAD. There is evidence that the mechanism linking the experience of stress and the development of acute coronary events is exposure to sympathetic hyperarousal and a deficit in soothing. Research is needed to determine if work environments can be designed to minimize hyperarousal and provide protective outlets for individuals experiencing such arousal.

Adult↗