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The axonal arborization of single pyramidal neurons in field CA2 and the rostral adjacent area of the rat hippocampus was studied with intracellular staining following the pressure microinjection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in combination with the immunoperoxidase technique, and was analyzed three-dimensionally with the aid of a computer system. The axonal arbors were composed of two types of axon branches, which were distinguished as the primary and secondary axon branches on the basis of morphological criteria. The axon branches in the ipsilateral hippocampus exhibited almost the contour of the dorsal hippocampus. The large amount of axon branches labeled with HRP in the stratum (str.) oriens of field CA1 was comparable to that in the str. radiatum of the field. The labeled axon branches in the dorsal hippocampus were not distributed uniformly in terminal regions but were focused on the caudolateral CA1a-b subfields. Most primary axon branches ran to a focus along the alvear fibers. The lamellar organization in the CA2 pyramidal neurons may be composed of axon branches running caudally and terminal branches forming a focus. The dense association fibers along the septotemporal axis may connect the lamellar organized circuits to each other. Axon branches in the septal nuclei of each hemisphere formed a rather flat plane. The commissural fibers of the CA2 pyramidal neurons seemed to form a symmetrical projection field in the contralateral side against the median plane. The axonal arbors and dendritic expansion of the pyramidal neurons shown in this study appeared to reveal the whole image of the single CA2 pyramidal neuron.
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The full graphic capabilities of a minicomputer have been applied to rapid and versatile analysis of long-term electrocardiographic tape recordings. Interfaced to a standard Avionics tape analyzer, the system's multiple display options provide a powerful tool for arrhythmia detection in a reasonable amount of time. Detection accuracy of the system compares very favorably with previously published figures for computer EKG monitoring. Quantitation of arrhythmic beats is an integral feature of the tape scanning. A method for analog display of randomly selectable EKG complexes is also described.
To detect significant coronary lesions based on exercise-induced reversible asynergy, two-dimensional echocardiograms were recorded before and immediately after treadmill exercise test in 15 patients with angina pectoris (AP) and six patients with neurocirculatory asthenia (NCA). Short-axis views of the left ventricle were analyzed quantitatively, using the following indices: segmental area change (%A); segmental wall thickness change (%Th); and relative curvature (rC) which was the product of curvature of each segment multiplied by end-diastolic circumference. The results were compared with those of coronary angiography, T1-201 myocardial emission computed tomography, and exercise electrocardiography. 1. The results of comparisons of quantitative analysis by %A, %Th, and rC with qualitative (visual) analysis were as follows: the sensitivities were 57%, 74% and 91%; the specificities were 75%, 75% and 90%; and the accuracies were 68%, 75% and 90%, respectively. 2. To detect coronary stenosis of more than 75%, visual assessments and assessments by rC were superior to assessments by %Th or %A. The accuracies were 93%, 91%, 73% and 61%, respectively. 3. In five cases with three-vessel disease, all diseased coronary arteries were detected by treadmill exercise echocardiography using rC as an index. However, by treadmill exercise T1-201 myocardial emission computed tomography, the diagnosis of three-vessel disease was possible in only one case. 4. The results of treadmill exercise electrocardiography were positive in 11 of 15 the AP patients and in all six NCA patients. The results of exercise echocardiography using rC as an index were normal in all NCA patients and abnormal in 14 of the 15 AP patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Three-dimensional coordinate measuring machines for examining the quality of industrial castings were reviewed. The concept was modified and successfully converted to examine the minute geometric configurations of the surfaces of dental materials. The wear of composites has undoubtedly precipitated this perceptive, thorough study.
Mandibular movements can be represented and viewed graphically in three planes--occlusal (approximately horizontal but variable), sagittoid (approximately sagittal), and frontal. The student of occlusion can vary the settings of the mathematical articulator and observe the three-dimensional changes produced in the interocclusal movement patterns.
Three-dimensional surface images can be reconstructed from CT scans. These are particularly useful in the study and management of patients with congenital and acquired craniofacial deformities. The principles of 3-D reformation, the production of the surface images, and recent advances in modification of these images for specific clinical needs are presented.
A computerized method of quantification, graphic representation and classification of sleep-wakefulness data in the cat before and after pontine tegmental lesions has been presented. Electrophysiological signal features including average EEG amplitude, average EMG amplitude and PGO spike rate which are particularly important for the definition of sleep-wakefulness states have been quantified for each 1 min epoch in the day. The data were presented in a projected 3-dimensional data display, in which they formed clusters that are considered to be analogous to sleep-wakefulness states. A cluster analysis algorithm was employed for the automatic classification of these data, and this automatic classification was compared graphically and with contingency table analyses to traditional visual assessment of state from polygraphic records. Although there were systematic differences in the locations of state boundaries, total percent agreement between cluster analysis classification and traditional human classification was comparable to the percent agreement between any two human classifiers (about 90%). After pontine tegmental lesions involving both the gigantocellular and lateral tegmental fields, paradoxical sleep was eliminated, and the characteristics of slow wave sleep and wakefulness were altered. The elimination of the state of paradoxical sleep was evident in the computer display by the absence of the paradoxical sleep cluster, and alterations of the other states were indicated in the display by shifts in the positions of their respective clusters. Automatic classification of slow wave sleep and wakefulness after such lesions compared well with traditional classification, attesting to the validity of this approach.
Programs are presented to plot the gross three-dimensional structure of the DNA double helix with the base sequence as input information. The rules that determine the overall structure of the double helix are those that predict the dependence of local helix parameters (specifically, helix twist angle and relative basepair roll angle) on sequence. For this purpose, the user can select either the Calladine-Dickerson parameters or the Tung-Harvey parameters. These programs can be used as tools to investigate the variation of DNA tertiary structure with sequence, which may play an important role in the sequence-specific recognition of DNA by proteins.