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PubMed1988

Datura stramonium Agglutinin : Location in the Seed and Release upon Imbibition.

The distribution of Datura stramonium agglutinin over different tissues of D. stramonium L. seeds was visualized by immunocytochemical techniques and quantified by agglutination assays. The lectin occurs predominantly in the outer seed tissues (seed coat and seed epidermis), where it is associated, at least in part, with the cell walls. Developing D. stramonium seeds secrete newly synthesized lectin polypeptides into the incubation medium, which confirms the extracellular location of the lectin. Imbibition of mature decoated seeds results in a rapid and highly specific release of lectin. Indeed, imbibition solutions contain almost exclusively the lectin together with a few other carbohydrate-binding proteins; this is indicative of the predominance of these proteins in the seed surface layer. The presence of important amounts of lectin in the outer tissues of the seed is consistent with a possible role in the mediation of cell-cell interactions.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1988

Herbicide Resistance in Datura innoxia: Cross-Resistance of Sulfonylurea-Resistant Cell Lines to Imidazolinones.

Cells resistant to the sulfonylurea herbicides chlorsulfuron and sulfometuron methyl were isolated from a predominantly haploid cell suspension culture of Datura innoxia P. Mill. Exponentially growing cell colonies (aggregates of about 40 cells) were mutagenized with ethyl methane sulfonate, subcultured for 10 days to allow growth recovery and plated on a medium containing either chlorsulfuron or sulfometuron methyl at a concentration (10(-8) molar) which killed wild type cells. Surviving clones were picked up after 3 to 4 weeks, further proliferated as callus or cell suspension cultures, and tested for their resistance to both the sulfonylureas and imidazolinones, a chemically different class of herbicides. The variants were stable and showed high (100- to 1000-fold) resistance to the sulfonylureas. While some also exhibited cross resistance to imidazolinones, others showed no cross-resistance at all or, as in one case, greater sensitivity than wild type cells to the imidazolinones. Both classes of herbicides tested inhibited acetolactate synthase activity isolated from wild type cells. The acetolactate synthase of the resistant variants, however, was found to be resistant to the sulfonylureas and also to the imidazolinone(s) in those cells showing cross-resistance to the latter. The lack of cross-resistance observed in some cases provides evidence that the two groups of herbicides have slightly different sites on the acetolactate synthase molecule.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1989

Poly(gamma-glutamylcysteinyl)glycine Synthesis in Datura innoxia and Binding with Cadmium : Role in Cadmium Tolerance.

The effects of Cd on poly(gamma-glutamylcysteinyl)glycine [(gammaEC)(n)G] biosynthesis and formation of (gammaEC)(n)G:Cd complexes were measured in two cell lines of Datura innoxia with differing Cd tolerance. In addition, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and GSH concentrations were measured during a 48 hour exposure to Cd. Exposure to 250 micromolar CdCl(2) was toxic to the sensitive line, whereas the tolerant line survived and grew in its presence. Cd-sensitive cells synthesized the same amount of (gammaEC)(n)G as tolerant cells during an initial 24 hour exposure to 250 micromolar CdCl(2). However, rates of (gammaEC)(n)G:Cd complex formation differed between the two cell lines with the sensitive cells forming complexes later than tolerant cells. In addition, the complexes formed by sensitive cells were of lower molecular weight than those of tolerant cells and did not bind all of the cellular Cd. Pulse-labeling of cells with l-[(35)S]cysteine resulted in equivalent rates of incorporation into the (gammaEC)(n)G of both cell lines during the initial 24 hours after Cd. Rates of protein and RNA synthesis were similar for both cell lines during the initial 8 hours after Cd but thereafter declined rapidly in sensitive cells. This was reflected by a decline in viability of sensitive cells. The GSH content of both cell lines declined rapidly upon exposure to Cd but was higher in sensitive cells throughout the experiment. These results show that the biosynthetic pathway for (gammaEC)(n)G synthesis in sensitive cells is operational and that relative overproduction of (gammaEC)(n)G is not the mechanism of Cd-tolerance in a Cd-tolerant cell line of D. innoxia. Rapid formation of (gammaEC)(n)G:Cd complexes that bind all of the cellular Cd within 24 hours appears to correlate with tolerance in these cells.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1991

Herbicide Resistance in Datura innoxia: Kinetic Characterization of Acetolactate Synthase from Wild-Type and Sulfonylurea-Resistant Cell Variants.

Acetolactate synthase (ALS, EC 4. 1.3. 18), the first enzyme in the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids, was isolated from wild-type and sulfonylurea-resistant Datura innoxia cell variants and characterized. Apparent K(m) values of the ALS for pyruvate from three sulfonylurea-resistant variants (CSR2, CSR6, and CSR10) were manyfold greater than that of the wild type. The inhibition of wild-type and herbicide-resistant ALS activity by chlorsulfuron (CS), a sulfonylurea herbicide, and l-leucine (l-Leu), one of the feedback inhibitors of the enzyme, was examined. ALS from two CS-resistant variants exhibited severalfold greater resistance to CS than did the wild-type enzyme. Inhibition of ALS by l-Leu fitted a partially competitive pattern most closely. It is proposed that the herbicide resistance mutation accentuated the partial inhibition characteristics of ALS by l-Leu. ALS from one of the two CS-resistant variants (CSR6) had a K(i) for l-Leu an order of magnitude greater than that of the wild-type enzyme. The alterations in kinetic properties observed in the ALS from sulfonylurea-resistant variants are discussed in relation to the possible evolutionary significance of the herbicide binding site of this enzyme, the physiological effects of such biochemical alterations, and their practical utility in genetic studies.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic study of tropinone reductase II from Datura stramonium.

Tropinone reductase II is an NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase involved in a plant alkaloid metabolism. The enzyme from Datura stramonium has been crystallized using 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol as a precipitant and a macro-seeding technique. The crystal belongs to space group P42212, with cell dimensions a = b = 62.8 and c = 128.4 A. A data set to 2.6 A resolution has been collected at a cryogenic temperature.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗

PubMed2000

Evolutionary ecology of the tropane alkaloids of Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae).

Although insect herbivory is frequently assumed to be responsible for the maintenance of plant secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, the assumption is controversial and experimental evidence for this assumption is sparse. We examined natural selection on the two major alkaloids present in the leaves of Datura stramonium and found that both alkaloids came under active selection. We found negative directional selection for scopolamine (natural selection acting to reduce scopolamine levels) and stabilizing selection for hyoscyamine (natural selection acting to maintain an intermediate level of hyoscyamine). We also present evidence that insect herbivores act as the agents of selection on these alkaloids. Finally, we show that there were no trade-offs in resistance to different species of insects.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Immobilized Datura stramonium agglutinin column chromatography, a novel method to discriminate the urinary hCGs of patients with invasive mole and choriocarcinoma from those of normal pregnant women and patients with hydatidiform mole.

Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA) binds the asparagine-linked sugar chains commonly found in the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) purified from urine of patients with invasive mole or choriocarcinoma, but not in that of normal pregnant women or patients with hydatidiform mole. With the use of an immobilized DSA column, a novel method to discriminate urinary hCGs from various trophoblastic diseases was developed.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

PubMed2026

Complete genome sequence of Streptomyces californicus ADR1, an anti-infective, anti-biofilm and anti-oxidant producing endophyte isolated from the medicinal plant Datura metel.

OBJECTIVE: Streptomyces californicus strain ADR1 is an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from Datura metel that produces secondary metabolites with potent antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities against WHO-listed high-priority Gram-positive pathogens. While anti-bacterial and antioxidant potential of the strain ADR1 has been extensively characterized, its complete genome sequence remains to be investigated for further insights into its biosynthetic potential. This study presents the complete genome sequence analysis of the strain ADR1 to provide a robust genomic foundation for understanding its metabolic versatility and biosynthesis of compounds with therapeutic significance. DATA DESCRIPTION: The ADR1 genome was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq. The assembly comprised 262 scaffolds with a total genome size of 8.4 Mb and G + C content of 72.5%, containing 7427 protein-coding genes. AntiSMASH and IIT-Hyderabad novelBGC analysis revealed 39 biosynthetic gene clusters, including non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, type I polyketide synthases, terpene and melanin clusters, correlating with the diverse therapeutic compounds previously identified through GC-MS analysis. This high-quality genome provides crucial insights into the biosynthetic potential underlying potent antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the strain ADR1.

Streptomyces↗

PubMed1976

Pollen ultrastructure in anther cultures of Datura innoxia. I. Division of the presumptive vegetative cell.

Ultrastructural features of embryogenic pollen in Datura innoxia are described, just prior to, during, and after completion of the first division of the presumptive vegetative cell. In anther cultures initiated towards the end of the microspore phase and incubated at 28 degrees C in darkness, the spores divide within 24 h and show features consistent with those of dividing spores in vivo. Cytokinesis is also normal in most of the spores and the gametophytic cell-plate curves round the presumptive generative nucleus in the usual highly ordered way. Further differentiation of the 2 gametophytic cells does not take place and the pollen either switches to embryogenesis or degenerates. After 48-72 h, the remaining viable pollen shows the vegetative cell in division. The cell, which has a large vacuole and thin layer of parietal cytoplasm carried over from the microspore, divides consistently in a plane parallel to the microspore division. The dividing wall follows a less-ordered course than the gametophytic wall and usually traverses the vacuole, small portions of which are incorporated into the daughter cell adjacent to the generative cell. The only structural changes in the vegetative cell associated with the change in programme appear to be an increase in electron density of both plastids and mitochondria and deposition of an electron-dense material (possibly lipid) on the tonoplast. The generative cell is attached to the intine when the vegetative cell divides. Ribosomal density increases in the generative cell and exceeds that in the vegetative cell. A thin electron-dense layer also appears in the generative-cell wall. It is concluded that embryogenesis commences as soon as the 2 gametophytic cells are laid down. Gene activity associated with postmitotic synthesis of RNA and protein in the vegetative cell is switched off. The data are discussed in relation to the first division of the embryogenic vegetative cells in Nicotiana tabacum.

Cell Differentiation↗

PubMed1976

Pollen ultrastructure in anther cultures of Datura innoxia. II. The generative-cell wall.

In young pollen grains of Datura innoxia, a wall of the usual hemispherical type separates the 2 gametophytic cells initially and, in the electron microscope, appears as an electron-translucent matrix which is contiguous with the intine. Before detachment of the generative cell from the intine, the matrix decreases in thickness and in places is dispersed altogether leaving the plasmalemmae on either side of it in close apposition. A particularly prominent zone, triangular in profile, is left where the wall joins with the intine. After detachment of the cell, remnants of the matrix can be seen distributed irregularly around the cell and it is supposed that these are partly derived from material in the triangular zone as the cell is drawn away from the intine. The wall residues persist throughout the maturation phase of the pollen and are considered to be either callose resulting from incomplete digestion of the initial wall, or some other polysaccharide material which is unevenly laid down along the wall and concentrated at the junction with the intine. In pollen induced into embryogenesis by anther culture, wall material is also distributed irregularly around the detached cell in a series of discrete zones, but these are more extensive than in vivo, closer together and in many instances highly dilated. The wall profiles thus have a beaded appearance, the 'beads' being connected together by short links of the 2 apposed plasmalemmae. The contents of the swollen zones have a similar electron density to that of the matrix in vivo but also show traces of a fibrillar component. It is postulated that this unusual swelling is a prelude to dispersal of the wall by disruption of the plasmalemmal links and to the establishment of cytoplasmic continuity between the 2 cells. The significance of such binucleate pollen grains in the formation of non-haploid embryos is discussed.

Cell Membrane↗

PubMed1976

Pollen ultrastructure in anther cultures of Datura innoxia. III. Incomplete microspore division.

During the microspore division in Datura innoxia, the mitotic spindle is oriented in planes both perpendicular (PE) and oblique (OB) to the spore wall against which the nucleus is situated. However, irrespective of polarity, the usual type of hemispherical wall is laid down at cytokinesis and isolates the generative cell from the rest of the pollen grain (type A). In PE spores the vegetative nucleus initially occupies a central position in the pollen grain, whereas in OB spores the vegetative nucleus lies at the periphery of the grain close to the generative cell. In anther cultures initiated just before the microspore division is due to take place, no marked change can be observed in either orientation or symmetry of the mitotic spindle when the spores divide. In some, however, cytokinesis is disrupted and deposition of the hemispherical wall arrested. In the absence of a complete wall, differentiation of the generative cell cannot take place and binucleate pollen grains are formed having 2 vegetative-type nuclei (type B). The 2 nuclei in the B pollens are always situated against the pollen-grain wall, suggesting that the disruption phenomenon is related to the OB spores. The incomplete wall always makes contact with the intine on the intine-side of the spindle. Wall material may be represented merely as short stubs projecting out from the intine into the cytoplasm, in which event the 2 nuclei lie close to each other and are separated by only a narrow zone of cytoplasm. In other grains the wall is partially developed between the nuclei and terminates at varying distances from the tonoplast; in these, the nuclei are separated by a wider zone of cytoplasm. The significance of these binucleate grains in pollen embryogenesis is discussed.

Cell Division↗

PubMed2001

D-galactose-specific sea urchin lectin sugar-specifically inhibited histamine release induced by datura stramonium agglutinin: differences between sugar-specific effects of sea urchin lectin and those of D-galactose- or L-fucose-specific plant lectins.

A new sea urchin lectin from Toxopneustes pileolus, is D(+)galactose (Gal)-, D(+)fucose (Fuc)-specific. Incubation of rat peritoneal mast cells with the lectin in the presence of 0.3 mM CaCl2 for 10 min significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release induced by N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc)-specific Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA), an activator of the Gi-protein-dependent pathway in mast cells. This inhibition by the sea urchin lectin was sugar-specifically reversed in the presence of D(+)Gal or D(+)Fuc but not L(-)Fuc. The sea urchin lectin had no effect on the histamine release induced by compound 48/80, slightly inhibited the histamine release induced by substance P and mastoparan, and slightly enhanced the histamine release induced by melittin, but these effects were not dose-dependent. Compound 48/80, substance P, mastoparan and melittin are mast cell activators without sugar residues. It is suggested that the lectin binds to D(+)Gal residues of DSA to interfere with mast cell activation induced by DSA, a glycoprotein with arabinose and Gal residues. The effects of plant lectins with affinity to D(+)Gal, N-acetyl galactosamine and/or sialic acid and L(-)Fuc on the histamine release induced by DSA, compound 48/80 and substance P were also examined.

Agglutinins↗

PubMed2003

A poisonous plant of the genus Datura (Solanaceae) in an eighteenth-century Danish garden in West Africa.

There was disagreement among colonialists about whether the Africans around the Danish West African forts made use of native poisons in the early nineteenth century, but it appears that the Danes themselves may have introduced a poisonous ornamental plant of the genus Datura in one of their own gardens on the Guinea Coast.

Africa, Western↗

PubMed2000

Heritability of stigma position and the effect of stigma-anther separation on outcrossing in a predominantly self-fertilizing weed, Datura stramonium (Solanaceae).

A polymorphism for anthocyanin production was used as a genetic marker to document the relationship between anther-stigma separation and outcrossing rate in the predominantly self-fertilizing weed Datura stramonium. White-flowered plants that differed in anther-stigma separation were placed into populations consisting exclusively of purple-flowered plants. Self vs. outcross origin of progeny was evident in the hypocotyl color of the seedlings. Outcrossing rates measured for single flowers were significantly positively correlated with anther-stigma separation, albeit with some scatter around the regression line, especially for flowers with exserted stigmas. We also performed an 8 × 8 diallel cross to determine whether anther-stigma separation is genetically determined. Heritability in two field plots was ∼0.3 and in the greenhouse was ∼0.2. Maternal effects, epistasis, and dominance appeared to be relatively unimportant. Genotypes performed consistently across the three environments, although total plant size varied more than fivefold. It appears that the mixed-mating system of D. stramonium has a heritable basis and would be capable of responding to selection.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Evolutionary ecology of Datura stramonium: genetic variation and costs for tolerance to defoliation.

The incorporation of plant tolerance after damage as a new alternative to cope with herbivory, as opposed to resistance, opened new avenues for our understanding of coevolution between plants and herbivores. Although genetic variation on tolerance to defoliation has been detected in some species, few studies have been undertaken with nonagricultural species. In this study, we explore in the annual weed Datura stramonium the existence of genetic variation for tolerance and fitness costs of tolerance. To determine which fitness-related trait was responsible for possible differences in tolerance, growth rate, total flower and fruit production, and the number of seeds per fruit were recorded. Inbred line replicates of D. stramonium from a population of Mexico City were exposed to four defoliation levels (0%, 10%, 30%, and 70%). Our results from a greenhouse experiment using controlled genetic material (inbred lines) indicated that significant genetic variation for tolerance was detected across defoliation environments. Defoliation reduced plant fitness from 15% to 25% in the highest levels of defoliation. Differences on tolerance among inbred lines were accounted by a differential reduction in the proportion of matured fruits across defoliation levels (up to 20%). Within defoliation levels, significant genetic variation in plant fitness suggests that tolerance could be selected. The correlation between fitness values of inbred lines in two environments (with and without damage) was positive (rg = 0.77), but not significant, suggesting absence of fitness costs for tolerance. The finding of genetic variation on tolerance might be either due to differences among inbred lines in their capability to overcome foliar damage through compensation or due to costs incurred by inducing secondary metabolites. Our results indicate the potential for norms of reaction to be selected under a gradient of herbivory pressure and highlights the importance of dissecting induced from compensatory responses when searching for potential causes of genetic variation on tolerance.

Environment↗

PubMed2004

[A case of acute encephalopathy due to datura seed poisoning].

A 83 year-old-man presented with a stuporous state. He ingested datura seeds approximately 1.5 hour before the onset of the symptom. On arrival at our emergency clinic 2 hours and 40 minutes after the ingestion, he was semi-comatose with intermittent tonic convulsive seizures. The pupils were fully-dilated and unreactive, and salivation was decreased. He showed hypohidrosis and exaggerated deep tendon reflexes with positive Babinski's sign. His body temperature was 37.6 degrees C, and blood pressure was 167/99 mmHg. After gastrolavage and administration of charcoal and cathartics, his pupil became reactive to light, and he became alert gradually. His consciousness became clear 24 hours after seed ingestion and discharged with no residual neurological signs.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1984

The toxicity of Datura stramonium (thorn apple) to horses.

Meal contaminated by Datura stramonium seeds at the rate of 0.5% by weight was fed to two horses. Both horses showed clinical signs of depression, anorexia, weight loss, rapid heart and respiration rates, mydriasis, polyuria, polydipsia and diarrhoea. Both recovered with treatment. Maize screenings contaminated by the seeds had been used in the manufacture of the meal.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1990

Datura stramonium agglutinin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein isoforms in hepatocellular carcinoma and other tumors.

By means of Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA) affinity electrophoresis, human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was resolved into five bands, AFP-D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5, in order of decreasing mobility. AFP-D1, which had no affinity for DSA, comprised more than 84% of the intensity of total AFP bands. The percentage of AFP-D2 increased marginally in hepatitis and liver cirrhosis with or without hepatocellular carcinoma. AFP-D3 increased characteristically in hepatocellular carcinoma and AFP-D4, which had the highest affinity for DSA, increased up to 12% in other tumors, mostly of gastrointestinal origin. AFP-D5 showed no consistent changes among the benign and malignant diseases. The assay of AFP-D3 and D4 proved useful as a highly specific marker of hepatocellular carcinoma and other tumors, respectively.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗