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PubMed1991

The dental amalgam issue. A review.

Using an interdisciplinary approach, the current position in the dental amalgam controversy and the potential impact of amalgam mercury on human health are reviewed. Aspects of materials science, corrosion, mercury exposure, toxicology, neurology and immunology are included. New data on mercury exposure from corroded amalgam fillings in vivo are presented. The exposure can reach levels considerably over known threshold limit values. Also, measurements of mercury absorption from intraoral air are presented. The vital importance of avoiding a galvanic amalgam-gold coupling is emphasized. The symptomatology of a disabled patient, who recovered after amalgam removal, has been included. It is concluded that discussion of the dental amalgam issue has suffered from the lack of an interdisciplinary approach. It would be wise to learn from the lesson of acrodynia, and consider amalgam mercury among other possible factors in neurological and immunological diseases of unclear etiology.

Dental Amalgam↗
PubMed1989

A mechanistic study of the electrochemical corrosion of the gamma 2 phase in dental amalgams. I. Evaluation of the measurements.

Conventional dental amalgams are prone to corrosion of the gamma 2 phase. In an anodic polarization experiment the presence of gamma 2 causes a current peak in the proximity of -250mV vs. SCE. Electrochemical impedance measurements carried out at this potential indicate the occurrence of an impedance curve in two parts. The high frequency part is a semi-circle with its centre below the real axis. Apart from the faradaic impedance and the double layer capacitance, the high frequency part is dominated by the behaviour of the corrosion products layer on the amalgam surface. The low frequency part has the form of a diffusion-like curve. However, since the phase angle is smaller for the above-mentioned case than for a free diffusion, this phenomenon is ascribed to diffusion in a porous layer at the interface between amalgam solution.

Corrosion↗
PubMed1981

In vitro tarnish of dental amalgams.

1. Tuccillo-Nielsen tarnish test in an effective screening device for dental amalgams. 2. The gamma phase appears to be more tarnish prone in conventional dental amalgams than gamma 1 phase. Although gamma 2 appeared to be tarnish prone, it was difficult to discriminate this phase because of the porosity in the amalgams. 3. The copper-rich phases are the most tarnish prone in high-copper amalgams. Gross examinations of amalgam from additive systems show spotty tarnish, whereas more uniform tarnish appearance is observed in amalgams from single-composition alloys. 4. The amalgams can be graded for in vitro tarnish performance in selected groups like the additive systems and the single-composition alloys.

Copper↗
PubMed1993

Dental amalgam. The state of the art and science.

When you balance the benefits and liabilities of a modern dental amalgam, it is one of the materials that comes closet to being an ideal restorative. Its numerous clinical advantages have, in the past, made it a standard in dental care. The profession's and public's awareness of the issues surrounding the mercury content, coupled with the biased reporting of the controversy by less than responsible journalists, have served to impung the material. The dental profession has used the material successfully in its present form for almost 100 years. There are still valid questions about the material that require further scientific investigation. Investigators continue to make improvements in the alloy's strength and handling properties while limiting the mercury-release potential of the material. As we move into the twenty-first century, we are again told we will soon have a suitable replacement for dental amalgam. That is an often repeated promise for this multifunctional product. Time and sound research into the longevity and liabilities of all restorative materials as applied in the office of the general practitioner will tell us if amalgam is or is not going to disappear from the dental armamentarium in the near future.

Dental Amalgam↗
PubMed1989

Creep and rupture of dental amalgam under bending stress.

The bending creep of six different dental amalgams was continuously measured up to 30 days under different static loads. All six amalgams induced creep rupture within 30 days under 9 kgf of static load and some of them did under the lower static load. The high copper amalgams resisted for a longer period of time compared to the low copper amalgams. The admixed high copper amalgam had the highest creep value at rupture under the same load, which indicates that this amalgam is more flexible under continuous loading than the other amalgams. The rupture time was approximately proportional to the reciprocal of the creep rates and the rupture time drastically increased as the creep rate decreased. This result basically explains and supports the previously reported correlation between the compressive creep during a specific period of time and the marginal fracture of amalgam restorations.

Copper↗
PubMed1979

The ultrastructural localization of the corrosion products of dental amalgam.

The ultrastructural localization of corrosion products released from dental amalgam implants in rat subcutaneous tissue was studied by means of a sulphide-silver technique. Implants stimulated a prolonged inflammatory response with delayed granulation tissue formation and slow and faulty collagen formation. The metallic corrosion products were found both in cells and in association with matrix components. Intracellular metal deposits were predominantly in the cytoplasmic matrix and in vacuoles in the early (19 day) lesions, but at 60 days there was metal in many nuclei, both viable and dead. Collagen fibrils had metal on the surface and vascular basement membranes had granules of bound metals.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The relationship between mercury from dental amalgam and mental health.

The findings presented here suggest that mercury poisoning from dental amalgam may play a role in the etiology of mental illness. Comparisons between subjects with and without amalgam showed significant differences in subjective reports of mental health. Subjects who had amalgams removed reported that symptoms of mental illness lessened or disappeared after removal. The data suggest that inorganic mercury poisoning from dental amalgam does affect the mind and emotions.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The relationship between mercury from dental amalgam and oral cavity health.

The findings presented here suggest that mercury from dental amalgam may play a role in the etiology of oral cavity health. Comparisons between subjects with and without amalgam showed significant differences of diseases of the mouth. Subjects who had amalgams removed reported that symptoms of diminished oral health were improved or eliminated after removal. The data suggest that inorganic mercury from dental amalgam does affect the oral cavity.

Adult↗