[The gold foil filling--the indications and technic].
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Contraindications↗
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Results for “DENTAL CAVITY LINING”
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The effect of additional enamel etching and a flowable composite to the interfacial integrity of Class II adhesive composite restorations.
This in vitro study evaluated the interfacial integrity of Class II resin composite restorations. The influence of a flowable composite and additional enamel etching was also evaluated. Deep, saucer-shaped Class II cavities were prepared in the mesial and distal proximal surfaces of 25 extracted human molars and assigned to five treatment groups. The gingival margins were extended to approximately 1 mm above the CEJ in 40 cavities and below the CEJ in 10 cavities. The prepared cavities were then restored with a self-etching primer system (Clearfil Liner Bond II) and a hybrid resin composite (Clearfil AP-X), with and without a flowable composite (Protect Liner F) and additional enamel etching with 37% phosphoric acid gel (K-etchant). After finishing, polishing and thermocycling (4 and 60 degrees C, x300), the samples were longitudinally sectioned through the restorations and resin-tooth interfaces were observed directly under a laser scanning microscope. Statistical analysis indicated that the use of a flowable composite produced significantly more (p = 0.04) gap-free resin-dentin interfaces than teeth restored without the flowable composite. However, both flowable composite and enamel etching could not prevent gap formation at enamel-resin interfaces and crack formation on enamel walls.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
Microleakage of bonded amalgam restorations: effect of thermal cycling.
This study examined the effect of thermal cycling on the microleakage of bonded amalgam restorations. Three dental amalgam alloys and a gallium alloy were tested with two adhesive resin systems and copal varnish as a control. Class V cavity preparations were prepared on 168 freshly extracted premolars or molars. The preparations were placed parallel to and 1.0 mm occlusal to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). Four groups of 42 teeth each were treated with one of the following adhesive dentin systems: Bond-It, All-Bond 2/Resinomer or a copal varnish (Copalite). The four groups of 42 teeth each were then restored with one of three dental amalgams: Orosphere Plus, Indiloy, Oralloy or a Gallium alloy (Galloy), resulting in 12 test groups of 14 teeth each. The specimens were stored in double distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. Final contouring and polishing of the restorations were performed under water spray. Half of the restorations in each group were thermocycled for 3000 cycles (5 degrees C-37 degrees C-55 degrees C-37 degrees C) with a dwell time of 15 sec at each temperature. The other half were stored in double distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. Then all 168 restorations were stained with dye, sectioned and scored for microleakage. Results showed that the adhesive dentin systems reduced microleakage in amalgam restorations compared to copal varnish only in non-thermocycled specimens. Statistical analysis of the results showed that there was an extremely significant difference (p < 0.001) in microleakage between the non-thermocycled and the thermocycled specimens in all test groups, whereas, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) among thermocycled specimens. The reduction of microleakage was not significantly different between Bond-It and All-Bond 2/Resinomer in non-thermocycled specimens. Oralloy showed the most microleakage in the non-thermocycled groups when compared to the other alloys using the same adhesive liner.
Analysis of Variance↗
Clinical performance of Class II restorations in which resin composite is laminated over resin-modified glass-ionomer.
This study evaluated the one-year functioning of resin-composite/resin-modified glass-ionomer open-laminate restorations when used for restoring Class II cavities. It also investigated the effect of the thickness of the resin composite layer on the performance of such restorations. The test restorations were made of Vitremer glass ionomer, Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus and Z100 resin composite, and the control restorations were made of Z100 with Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus. Forty pairs of restorations were placed in 40 patients aged 16 years and over. The thickness of the resin composite layer was measured both clinically and in the laboratory using a reflex microscope. The completed restorations were assessed in vivo and in vitro at baseline, six-month and one-year recalls using a modified Ryge system. The reflex microscope measurements showed that the majority of restorations had a resin composite layer of more than 1.5 mm in thickness, as intended. At one year, 37 pairs of restorations were examined. Apart from a few minor problems, all performed satisfactorily. Thus, it appears that the resin composite/resin modified glass ionomer open laminate is a suitable technique for restoring Class II cavities.
Adolescent↗
Bonded amalgam restorations: using a glass-ionomer as an adhesive liner.
Due to the lack of adhesiveness of amalgam to tooth structure, several adhesive cements have been utilized in bonded amalgam restorations. This study evaluated whether Fuji-II glass-ionomer cement is an appropriate adhesive liner in bonded amalgam restorations. Two adhesive composite luting cements (Amalgambond Plus and Panavia-21) and Copalite cavity liner were compared. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first part, we quantitatively assessed the tensile bond strengths as well as the failure modes of amalgam bonded to human dentin, using different adhesive liners. In each group, the flat dentin surface was treated with the assigned adhesive cement with a Teflon mold, followed by condensation of amalgam (Valiant PhD) onto it. Each group's mean tensile bond strengths were recorded and the statistical analysis by one way ANOVA showed no significant differences among groups (p > 0.05). Similar to the fracture patterns of the Amalgambond Plus and Panavia-21 groups, the failure mode of Fuji-II group was predominantly adhesive fracture. In the second part, the fracture strengths of amalgam restored teeth were measured using different adhesive liners. Standard MOD cavities were prepared in each tooth except for the intact tooth group. After treatment with the assigned adhesives or varnish, the cavities were restored with amalgam. Fracture strengths were then measured and the fractured interfaces examined using a scanning electron microscope. The fracture strengths of the intact tooth, Amalgambond Plus, Panavia-21 and Fuji-II groups were significantly higher than those of the Copalite and prepared cavity without restoration groups (p < 0.01). Accordingly, Fuji-II glass-ionomer cement, when used as an adhesive liner of amalgam restoration, may effectively reinforce the remaining tooth structure and, therefore, enhance the fracture resistance of the amalgam-restored teeth.
Analysis of Variance↗
Evaluation of dental adhesive systems with amalgam and resin composite restorations: comparison of microleakage and bond strength results.
A variety of laboratory tests have been developed to assist in predicting the clinical performance of dental restorative materials. Additionally, more than one methodology is in use for many types of tests performed in vitro. This project assessed and compared results derived from two specific laboratory testing methods, one for bond strength and one for microleakage. Seven multi-purpose dental adhesives were tested with the two methodologies in both amalgam and resin composite restorations. Bond strength was determined with a punch-out method in sections of human molar dentin. Microleakage was analyzed with a digital imaging system (Image-Pro Plus, Version 1.3) to determine the extent of dye penetration in Class V preparations centered at the CEJ on both the buccal and lingual surfaces of human molar teeth. There were 32 treatment groups (n = 10); seven experimental (dental adhesives) and one control (copal varnish, 37% phosphoric acid) followed by restoration with either amalgam or resin composite. Specimens were thermocycled 500 times in 5 degrees and 55 degrees C water with a one-minute dwell time. Bond strength and microleakage values were determined for each group. ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls tests demonstrated an interaction between restorative material and adhesive system with a significant difference among adhesives (p < 0.05). Using a multi-purpose adhesive system resulted in both a statistically significant increase in bond strength and a statistically significant decrease in extent of microleakage (p < 0.05). The effect of the adhesive upon both microleakage and bond strength was greater in the resin composite restorations than in the amalgam restorations. Bond strength testing was more discriminating than microleakage evaluation in identifying differences among materials.
Analysis of Variance↗
Vitremer restorative cement for children: three clinicians' observations in three pediatric dental practices.
BACKGROUND: The authors retrospectively evaluated the clinical performance of a resin-modified glass ionomer cement as a Class I, Class II, Class III, and Class V restorative material in primary teeth. METHODS: Three hundred and six patients that had received 864 resin-modified glass ionomer restorations, which had been in the mouth for a minimum of three years, were included in this evaluation. RESULTS: The results demonstrated an overall 93.4 percent restoration success rate, Class I restorations presenting a 92.6 percent success. Class II restorations presenting a 93.4 percent success, Class III restorations presenting a 100 percent success and Class V restorations presenting a 98 percent success, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The resin-modified glass ionomer cement functioned well as a Class I, Class II, Class III, and Class V restorative material in the primary dentition. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Resin-modified glass ionomer cement restorative material functions well for Class I, Class II, Class III, and Class V restorations in primary teeth.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
Marginal microleakage in bonded amalgam restorations: a combined in vivo and in vitro study.
PURPOSE: This study evaluated the marginal microleakage in bonded amalgam restorations in teeth extracted a month after restoration placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine teeth in a patient scheduled for complete extraction were selected. In each tooth, a buccal prepared cavity was treated with Scotchbond Plus and filled with high copper amalgam. In four teeth, a lingual unlined restoration was also prepared as control. A month later, all the teeth were extracted; seven teeth were immersed for 48 hours in a 0.05% basic fucsine dye solution and then sectioned. Sections were observed with a stereomicroscope at 10X. Results were statistically evaluated using a nonparametric Mann-Whitney test for independent data. The remaining two teeth were sectioned and observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS: Stereomicroscopic analysis revealed that 80% of bonded specimens did not exhibit dye infiltration at the enamel margin; the same percentage of bonded specimens showed partial infiltration at the cervical margin. In the unlined control specimens, there was a complete dye infiltration at both margins. SEM analysis revealed a good adaptation between resin and tooth and between resin and amalgam. CONCLUSION: Bonded amalgam restorations are effective in reducing marginal microleakage, particularly at the enamel margin.
Aged↗
Marginal characteristics of different filling materials and filling methods with standardized cavity preparation.
PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of different filling materials and methods on marginal integrity in Black Class I fillings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standardized occlusal cavities were prepared in 80 extracted human molars. The preparations were filled with composite resin (1), with composite resin using the incremental technique (2), an experimental glass-fiber-reinforced (3) and polyester-reinforced (4) composite resin, a direct composite inlay (5), a ceramic insert (6), a Cerafil inlay (7), and with an experimental direct filling using Dyract AP compomer (8). Allocation of the teeth to the test groups was randomized; further processing was done on a blind basis. After the preparation of replicas, the teeth were subjected to a thermomechanical cycling process of 2,000 temperature cycles (5 degrees C/55 degrees C) and 50,000 stress cycles (50 N). This was followed by production of a second set of replicas and quantitative margin analysis by SEM (200X). A dye penetration test was then performed on the mesiodistal section. RESULTS: Groups 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 displayed a good primary marginal quality, with the proportion of continuous margins reaching more than 85%. Significantly poorer results were recorded for the experimental glass-fiber-reinforced composite resins and Dyract compomer, where the proportion of perfect margins was only between 36% and 73%. In groups 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7, marginal integrity remained stable after the thermomechanical stress cycles, with the Cerafil inlays recording the best values: 89% perfect margins and 3% marginal gaps. In contrast, the experimental composite resins and the compomer underwent a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the proportion of marginal gaps and a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the proportion of continuous margin. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that neither Dyract compomer nor the glass-fiber-reinforced composite resins tested can be recommended for use in the occlusally stressed posterior region, whereas the other filling materials and methods were sufficiently stress resistant.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
Pit and fissure sealants.
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Composite Resins↗
New perspectives on dentin adhesion--differing methods of bonding.
The advent of adhesive dentistry has had a dramatic effect on the practice of aesthetic dentistry, significantly expanding the range of treatment alternatives that clinicians can provide for their patients. Although adhesion is generally associated with the total bonding technique, adhesive systems can be applied in several different manners that include selective, separate, and secure bonding. It is the goal of this article to present the different bonding procedures, to explain the rationales behind each, and to formulate their indications.
Dental Bonding↗
Adaptation of some dental restoratives to cavity walls as observed with the scanning electron microscope.
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Composite Resins↗
Stratification: ancient art form applied to restorative dentistry.
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Color↗
Microleakage of Class II composite restorations.
PURPOSES: (1) To evaluate the in vitro sealing ability of several Class II resin restorations whose gingival extension of the proximal margin was apical to the cemento-enamel junction and in dentin and (2) to determine the effect of thermocycling on leakage into the resin-tooth interface. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mesio-occlusal and distoocclusal preparations were made in extracted human molars. The gingival floor of the proximal box, was placed 1.0mm apical to the CEJ, and was prepared to a width of 1.5mm from the cavosurface margin to the axial wall. The teeth were restored with one of seven restorations (Z100 control, Z100, Wave, F2000, Surefil, Z100 and Vitrebond Sandwich A, Z100 and Vitrebond Sandwich B) using multiple incremental placement and materials. Following storage, half the samples were thermocycled. All 70 samples were stained using silver nitrate. The entire resin restoration was then removed from the proximal box ,and starting at the cavosurface margin the gingival floor was divided into three zones of 0.5 mm each and analyzed for dye penetration, using a novel technique which utilized the aid of computer imaging software and assessed both quantitatively and qualitatively. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in leakage for all groups in Zone 1. For Zones 2 and 3, the groups utilizing glass-ionomer liner on the cavosurface margin had significantly less microleakage (P>0.05). Although the compomer/hybrid combination had low leakage values on average, the wide range of values led to unpredictable results. The flowable/hybrid combination and the packable composite performed less favorably. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrated the difficulty in sealing a proximal dentin margin. However, the glass-ionomer/hybrid restorative techniques is the most likely to give successful clinical results.
Analysis of Variance↗
The teaching of Class I and II restorations in primary molars: a survey of North American dental schools.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to obtain an overview of materials and restoratives techniques taught for Class I and Class II restorations in primary molars in different pediatric dentistry departments in North America. METHODS: A form with response alternatives was mailed to 63 dental schools in the United States and Canada. The forms were addressed to the chairman/undergraduate program director of the department of pediatric dentistry. Questions regarding the restorative materials taught, indications and contraindications for the use of tooth-colored materials and the type of cavity preparation indicated for those materials were among the topics assessed. RESULTS: Eighty-six percent of the dental schools responded to the survey. Amalgam continues to be the material of choice for Class I and II restorations in primary molars, although hybrid composites and compomers are gaining some popularity. When tooth-colored materials were indicated, the slot-type of cavity preparation was the preferred one. CONCLUSIONS: The diversity in teaching may reflect uncertainty related to requirements for optimal restorations of primary teeth. Data from dental schools of other countries may be important to obtain to establish universally accepted criteria and standards for restorative techniques of primary teeth.
Canada↗
Biocompatibility of a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement applied as pulp capping in human teeth.
PURPOSE: to evaluate the human pulp response following pulp capping with calcium hydroxide (CH, Group 1), and the resin-modified glass-ionomer Vitrebond (VIT, Group 2). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Intact teeth with no cavity preparation were used as control Group (ICG, Group 3). Buccal Class V cavities were prepared in 34 sound human premolars. After exposing the pulps, the pulp capping materials were applied and the cavities were filled using Clearfil Liner Bond 2 bonding agent and Z100 resin-based composite. The teeth were extracted after 5, 30, and from 120 to 300 days, fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, and prepared according to routine histological techniques. 6-microm sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, or Brown & Brenn technique for bacterial observation. RESULTS: At 5 days, CH caused a large zone of coagulation necrosis. The mononuclear inflammatory reaction underneath the necrotic zone was slight to moderate. VIT caused a moderate to intense inflammatory pulp response with a large necrotic zone. A number of congested venules associated with plasma extravasation and neutrophilic infiltration was observed. Over time, only CH allowed pulp repair and complete dentin bridging around the pulp exposure site. VIT components displaced into the pulp tissue triggered a persistent inflammatory reaction which appeared to be associated with a lack of dentin bridge formation. After 30 days a few histological sections showed a number of bacteria on the lateral dentin walls. In these samples the pulp response was similar to those samples with no microleakage. VIT was more irritating to pulp tissue than CH, which allowed pulp repair associated with dentin bridge formation. These results suggested that VIT is not an appropriate dental material to be used in direct pulp capping for mechanically exposed human pulps.
Adolescent↗
Microleakage of resin-based composite restorations with ceramic inserts.
PURPOSE: To evaluate dye penetration of proximal vertical slot resin-based composite (RBC) restorations as a function of cavity size and restorative material employed (RBC, ceramic inserts with low-viscosity resin, and RBC with low-viscosity resin liner). Microleakage was measured using rank scoring and linear measurement of dye penetration and ANOVA and non-parametric tests were used to evaluate the statistical significance of the results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety erupted crack- and caries-free mandibular third molars, extracted for orthodontic reasons, were used. Proximal vertical slots were prepared on the mesial surfaces of the teeth using diamond instruments at high speed under distilled water coolant. Teeth were placed randomly into nine groups. Three sizes of diamond burs of an ultrasonic cavity preparation system were used under low energy in order to standardize cavity size and shape, each tip size being used in 30 different teeth. The gingival margins were prepared 1 mm above the cemento-enamel junction. Specimens were etched, prepared with bonding agent, restored using three different materials, and immersed in a 50% AgNO3 solution for 8 hrs and sectioned to evaluate the dye penetration. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed no statistically significant differences among the nine groups.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
Clinical evaluation of posterior composite restorations: 6-year results.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the wear resistance of resin restorations (Z100; Tetric; Charisma) in posterior teeth (Class I and II) after 6 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One operator placed 103 restorations in 13 patients. Each patient had at least three restorations with three different resin-based composites. All restorations were made using rubber dam isolation and the cavity design was restricted to the elimination of carious tissue. Deeper cavities were covered with calcium hydroxide and/or glass ionomer cement and in shallow and medium cavities only an adhesive system was used. Each composite was placed according to the manufacturer's instructions. In Class II cavities the resin placement followed the Krejci et al or Opdam et al technique, according to the cavity size. One week later, the restorations were finished/polished and stone dies were immediately built from the impressions. Eleven patients attended the 6-year recall, and 90 restorations were evaluated based on new stone dies. The 6-year stone dies were compared with the baseline ones by two examiners. The evaluation was based on the modified Mahler et al. criteria and Busato et al, using six different scores. The scores were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 87% of the restorations were analyzed after 6 years. Only 15% (6 for Tetric and 7 for Charisma) of the 90 evaluated restorations had been already replaced. No statistical difference was found in the wear rate of the composites used in this study. None of the patients complained of any symptom after the placement of the composite (baseline data) nor after 6 years.
Calcium Hydroxide↗