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PubMed1986

Skin reactivity and specific IgE levels in the evaluation of allergic sensitivity to common allergens for epidemiological purposes.

An investigation was conducted to test the validity of the skin-prick test (SPT) with eleven common allergens (Lofarma series proposed by Italian National Research Council for epidemiological studies) as a method for predicting the presence of specific antibodies in serum. The relationship between SPT, evaluated by two different methods (MWD = mean weal diameter, AHWR = allergen histamine weal ratio), and specific IgE levels (RAST) has been investigated in 101 patients tested consecutively for suspected allergic disease. Sensitivity, specificity and overall efficiency were assessed for different criteria of SPT positivity (greater than or equal to 4 mm or greater than or equal to 5 mm using MWD; ++ or using AHWR). For pollens and moulds, a weal diameter greater than or equal to 5 mm gave better results than 4 mm, whereas for mites a MWD greater than or equal to 4 mm showed a better sensitivity and overall efficiency than 5 mm. Danders showed low sensitivity when either 5 or 4 mm criterion was considered. AHWR evaluation gave no better results, except for animal danders. Correlation coefficients between weal size and RAST class showed a good relationship for mites and pollens using both methods of SPT evaluation; a moderate relationship was observed with MWD criterion for moulds and with AHWR for danders. We conclude that a weal diameter greater than or equal to 5 mm can be assumed to to predict RAST positivity for pollens and moulds, and for mites, a weal greater than or equal to 4 mm can be a more accurate criterion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Allergens↗

PubMed1989

The allergens of dog. I. Identification using crossed radio-immunoelectrophoresis.

The antigens present in an extract of dog hair and dander were examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and the IgE-binding allergens by crossed radio-immunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), respectively, using sera from 60 British and Finnish animal-allergic subjects. The extract was comprised of a minimum of 28 antigens, 11 of which were common to dog serum. IgE antibody in the sera of the dog-sensitive patients bound to 21 of the 28 antigens at varying frequencies and intensities. Binding of any intensity occurred most frequently to two serum proteins: antigen 23 (IgG) binding IgE in 88% of cases, and antigen 3 (dog serum albumin, DSA) in 77% of cases. Dander antigen 8 bound in 63% and antigen 1 in 42% of the sera. Strong IgE binding, however, was most commonly associated with dander antigen 8 followed by antigens 1 and 23 (IgG) then 3 (DSA). The ranking of the antigens as allergens was similar for the two populations except that DSA was more important for the British than for the Finnish subjects.

Allergens↗

PubMed1989

Dust from carpeted and smooth floors. I. Comparative measurements of antigenic and allergenic proteins in dust vacuumed from carpeted and non-carpeted classrooms in Norwegian schools.

Dust samples from fitted-carpets and linoleum floors in 12 schools in Norway were collected by vacuum cleaning. The presence of antigens and allergens of alder (Alnus incana), birch (Betula verrucosa), timothy (Phleum pratense), mould (Cladosporium herbarum), house dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae), cat and dog dander, codfish, hen egg white and human dander were investigated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed radio-immunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) and radio-allergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition. No qualitative differences in allergen contents of dust from both types of floor tested were noted. Similarly, no relationship could be demonstrated between floor-type and allergen concentration under identical experimental conditions. Antigens and allergens of both cat and dog were frequently demonstrated in dust extracts. All extracts included human dander and mould allergens. In addition, most dust samples from both carpeted and smooth floors contained hen egg white and codfish allergens. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that dust from smooth floors and fitted-carpets was relatively free of mite and pollen from alder, birch and timothy.

Allergens↗

PubMed1991

Purification and characterization of the major dog allergen, Can f I.

An important dog-hair and dander-specific allergen Ag13 has been purified by means of immunoaffinity chromatography utilizing rabbit antibody specific for Ag13. Purity was judged to be very high as detected by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and SDS-PAGE. The purified allergen was subjected to amino acid analyses. Molecular weight was about 22 kD in HPLC-gel filtration and 25 kD in SDS-PAGE with an additional band at 18 kD. In vitro IgE binding of the allergen was investigated by luminescence immunoassay (LIA) inhibition. Removal of Ag13 from dog hair and dander extract (DHD) removed 50 +/- 1.5% of the IgE binding capacity. The purified allergen inhibited up to 56.5% of the IgE activity to DHD as measured with a pool of serum from dog-allergic patients. Out of 26 dog-allergic patients, 24 had a positive skin-prick test to the allergen. Out of 23 dog-allergic patients, 16 reacted with the allergen in IgE immunoblotting. We suggest that Ag13 be termed Can f I. The allergen will be a marker allergen for environmental dog hair and dander exposure.

Allergens↗

PubMed1979

Analysis of antigens in a commercial house-dust extract by means of quantitative immunoelectrophoresis.

Crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) of a commercial house-dust extract revealed 43 immunoprecipitates. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis with 106 different allergen extracts from animal hair and dander, feathers, fungi, pollen, foodstuffs, textiles and house-dust mites showed the presence of precipitating antibodies in the rabbit anti-house-dust serum against antigens from 34 of the extracts. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis with the addition of antigen, and crossed line immunoelectrophoresis (CLIE) with these 34 allergen extracts, as well as crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel containing rabbit antibodies against nine human serum proteins, allowed the identification of 14 antigens in the house-dust extract. These antigens were shown to originate from house-dust mites, hair and dander from various animals, fungi, feathers, human hair and dander, and human serum proteins.

Allergens↗

PubMed1989

Circulating immune complexes during immunotherapy in allergy to dog.

Circulating immune complexes (CIC) were determined from dog-allergic asthmatic children (n = 35) receiving immunotherapy with dog dander and hair extract. The results from CIC are expressed in SDU (standard deviation units) and presented as follows: pretreatment results (n = 20), rush results (n = 11), mid-schedule results (n = 20), maintenance results (n = 15) and the results of the placebo-treated group (n = 12). The results of the placebo-treated group (n = 12) and those of the untreated atopic (n = 12) and non-atopic (n = 14) were controls. CIC levels were analysed by means of KgB-ELISA (conglutinin binding enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), C1qB-ELISA (C1q-binding enzyme linked immunososrbent assay), RFb-ELISA (rheumatoid factor binding enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) and by PIPA (platelet 125J-labelled staphylococcal protein-A test). The CIC level determined by KgB-ELISA in dog-allergic asthmatic children was higher than that of the atopic controls (P less than 0.05) already before the onset of the hyposensitization. During conventional hyposensitization with dog dander and hair the CIC level remained the same as before treatment. On day 5 of rush hyposensitization the mean level of CIC showed no increase when compared with the pretreatment values. A statistically significant correlation (P less than 0.01) was observed between the dog dander and hair-specific IgG antibodies and the CIC level measured by KgB-ELISA during the maintenance period of conventional immunotherapy. The samples of sera to measure this correlation were collected before the injection of allergen and after 2 weeks of injection during maintenance treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1971

Pathological response of the chicken embryo to an agent which causes acute leukosis (Marek's disease).

A laboratory test system specific for Marek's disease was developed by using the pathological response of the chicken embryo. Chicken epidermal scales (dander) and feather calami from infected chickens contain an agent(s) which after a 3- to 4-day incubation period caused gross or microscopic pathological changes (or both) in the embryo. A cell-free inoculum was obtained from infectious dander by 5-min sonic treatment, differential centrifugation, and membrane filtering (0.45 mum). Evidence for the cell-free existence of this agent(s) was obtained when membrane filtrates of dander preparations were shown to cause Marek's disease in 10-day-old chickens and in chickens inoculated at 1 day of age.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2001

Is electrodermal testing as effective as skin prick tests for diagnosing allergies? A double blind, randomised block design study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether electrodermal testing for environmental allergies can distinguish between volunteers who had previously reacted positively on skin prick tests for allergy to house dust mite or cat dander and volunteers who had reacted negatively to both allergens. DESIGN: Double blind, randomised block design. SETTING: A general practice in southern England. PARTICIPANTS: 15 volunteers who had a positive result and 15 volunteers who had a negative result on a previous skin prick test for allergy to house dust mite or cat dander. INTERVENTION: Each participant was tested with 6 items by each of 3 operators of the Vegatest electrodermal testing device in 3 separate sessions (a total of 54 tests per participant). For each participant the 54 items comprised 18 samples each of house dust mite, cat dander, and distilled water, though these were randomly allocated among the operators in each session. A research nurse sat with the participant and operator in all sessions to ensure blinding and adherence to the protocol and to record the outcome of each test. OUTCOME: The presence or absence of an allergy according to the standard protocol for electrodermal testing. RESULTS: All the non-atopic participants completed all 3 testing sessions (810 individual tests); 774 (95.5%) of the individual tests conducted on the atopic participants complied with the testing protocol. The results of the electrodermal tests did not correlate with those of the skin prick tests. Electrodermal testing could not distinguish between atopic and non-atopic participants. No operator of the Vegatest device was better than any other, and no single participant's atopic status was consistently correctly diagnosed. CONCLUSION: Electrodermal testing cannot be used to diagnose environmental allergies.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Skin test hypersensitivity for childhood asthma in Istanbul during a period of 16 years.

BACKGROUND: For diagnosis of allergic disorders, besides history and physical examination, many in vivo and in vitro laboratory tests are used. Skin prick test (SPT) is an easily performed and valuable test in children. Our aim was to evaluate the SPT results of asthmatic children according to age and gender, in Istanbul and its neighborhood, followed for a period of 16 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Consecutive 5080 asthmatic children, aged 1 to 18 years, admitted to Pediatric Allergy Policlinics of Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medicine Faculty from 1987 to 2003, were screened retrospectively for 10 frequently exposed allergens. RESULTS: 3086 cases (61 %) had SPT reactivity for one and/or for multiple allergens; the SPT reactivity percentages of the exposed allergens was 50 % (2554 cases) for house dust mites DP, 49 % (2462 cases) for house dust mites DF, 15 % (784 cases) for cat dander, 10 % (525 cases) for dog dander, 4 % (228 cases) for lamb wool, 10 % (504 cases) for wheat, 3 % (162 cases) for egg white, 6 % (345 cases) for hazelnut pollen, 6 % (318 cases) for Candida Albicans, 6 % (326 cases) for Aspergillus Fumigatus. CONCLUSION: While house dust mites were determined as the predominant allergen for each age groups in this study, allergy against cat dander was the third important allergen in sequence, as cat is a domestic pet which is frequently kept at home in Turkey.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Seasonal and allergenic predictors of bronchial responsiveness to distilled water.

To evaluate a possible seasonal change in bronchial responsiveness and the relation of such change to atopy, we administered 2,537 bronchial challenge tests in winter and spring to a dynamic population cohort of children 7 to 10 yr of age. The bronchial challenge test consisted of 10 min of tidal inhalation of an aerosol of ultrasonically nebulized distilled water; the resulting percentage decrease in FEV1 (dFEV1%) was recorded. Atopy was determined on the basis of skin-test positivity (any wheal with a diameter greater than that obtained with a positive control) to seven allergens (cat dander, dog dander, house-dust mite, birch, raygrass, orchard grass, and Alternaria). Greater bronchial responsiveness in winter was independently and significantly predicted by a physician's diagnosis of asthma (difference in dFEV1%, 5.6; 95% confidence intervals [95% CI], 2.8 to 8.5; p = 0.0001) and by shortness of breath (difference in dFEV1%, 4.2; 95% CI, 2.1 to 6.3; p = 0.0001). These factors were also predictive of greater responsiveness in the spring, as was atopy (difference in dFEV1%, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.8 to 4.6; p = 0.0001). Analysis of specific allergens further revealed that reactivity to perennial allergens (house-dust mite, cat dander) was predictive of bronchial responsiveness in both winter and spring. However, the change in responsiveness between seasons was most significantly predicted by allergy to seasonal grass pollen, i.e., ragweed or orchard grass (change in dFEV1%, 2.6; 95% CI, 0.6 to 4.5; p = 0.01). In summary, our study demonstrates increased bronchial responsiveness in spring among children allergic to grass pollen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aerosols↗

PubMed1976

[Allergy to domestic animals].

This report concerns of 37 cases of allergenicity to domestic animals, dogs and cats. Clinical observations and skin tests confirm diagnosis showing dog and cat danders as etiologic factors. Sixteen cases were positive only to cat and dog danders and twenty one cases were associated with house dust, mould spores, feathers, etc. Bronchial asthma, rhinitis and contact dermatitis in face and lips were observed. Symptomatic treatment, elimination or avoidance when possible of contact with these animals and specific hyposensitization was carried out. Allergic symptomatology disappeared in twenty three cases, five abandoned treatment and in the others the allergic episodes showed less incidence and frequency. Shorter treatment time necessary for cases positive to dog and cat danders (a year to year and a half). In the others two or three years were required.

Allergens↗

PubMed2002

[Measles vaccination for children with allergic diseases].

To predict the side effects of vaccination, some skin tests are performed for patients with allergic diseases, though at present time there is no standard method. We have performed skin tests of measles vaccine by prick test with undiluted vaccine, 1 : 10 dilution, and/or intradermal test with 1 : 100 dilution. 75 cases of children with allergic diseases were assessed with more than two types of these skin tests. The cases with negative response for the skin tests were subcutaneously administered with 0.5ml of vaccine at once (normal method). On the other hand, the cases with positive or+/-response at least one skin test were subcutaneously administered with the vaccine in increments of 0.05ml (divided method). Including+/-response, intradermal test with 1 : 100 dilution showed highest sensitivity (88%) and relatively high specificity (75%) for the prediction of side effects in the 3 types of skin tests. Forty nine cases were vaccinated with the normal method, and 26 cases were vaccinated with the divided method. Compared with the cases with normal method, the cases with divided method showed higher frequency for patients with the elimination therapy of foods besides egg, and significantly higher value of total IgE, and specific IgE for egg white, cow's milk, wheat, and cat dander. Twenty five of 26 cases with the divided method showed specific IgE for egg white>3.5UA/ml, and 8 of 11 cases showed specific IgE for cat dander>0.35 UA/ml. In 8 cases who appeared side effects (one was administered by t he normal method, and 7 were administered by the divided method), 7 cases were local skin reaction only, and there were no cases of anaphylaxis. We recommend that the intradermal test of dilution 1: 100 should be performed to determine the vaccination method. The cases with the elimination therapy of foods besides egg, cases with specific IgE for egg white>3.5UA/ml, or cases with specific IgE for cat dander>0.35UA/ml, should be considered as high risk patients.

Child↗

PubMed2005

Concentrations of dust, allergens and endotoxin in stables, living rooms and mattresses from cattle farmers in southern Bavaria.

Agricultural work is considered to be a major risk factor for occupational diseases. In particular, allergic reactions to cow dander cause numerous cases of airway disorders. We measured the concentration of allergens (e.g. Bos d2, Der p1) and endotoxin in the stables, living-rooms and mattresses of 46 farmers with a diagnosis of occupational asthma or allergic rhinitis caused by cow dander allergen. The concentration of cow dander allergen was highest in stables (median 20,400 microg/g) but also noticeable in dust samples from living-rooms (median 155 microg/g) and mattresses (median 195 microg/g). The sensitization threshold (20-50 microg/g) was exceeded in most cases. Thus, allergen transport from the stables to bed must be prevented by optimizing the hygiene of farmers and family members.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Persistent severe asthma in an adult from transient dog exposure: a brief communication.

While atopy is commonly found without signs of asthma, it has been proposed that in some settings, allergen exposure itself can lead to the development of the asthmatic diathesis. To date, this theory has been primarily supported by cases of occupational asthma, where prolonged symptoms have persisted following termination of exposure to the suspect allergen. This model is complicated by associated medicolegal implications, as well as by the generally long-term nature of the exposure, raising questions about the concurrent natural history of a given patient's illness. We report a case of non-occupational dog dander-induced asthma. Exposure was on an intermittent basis over a 15-month period, with the patient exhibiting a classic late phase response. Following discontinuation of exposure to dog dander, he continued to have symptoms, considerably in excess of his findings prior to dog dander exposure.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Study on the clinical significance of pharmacia rast RIA in animal allergy].

To study the usefulness of Pharmacia animal allergen discs, the specific IgE antibodies in the sera of patients with allergy to pet or laboratory animals were measured with the use of those discs. The coincidental ratio between skin test to cat hair and RAST to cat epithelium was 73.3%, however between skin test to dog hair and RAST to dog epithelium or dog dander it was 66.7% or 60.0%, respectively. The rate of RAST positive do dog dander was higher than to dog epithelium, and so it seems to be the optimum allergen for screening. The correlation between RAST value to dog epithelium and dog dander was good, but there was no relationship between cat and dog epithelium, it seems that cross-antigenicity is low. In laboratory animals, the rate of RAST positive was in decreasing order: guinea pig, mouse, rabbit, rat, hamster. The rate of RAST positive to serum proteins of rat and mouse was lower than to epithelium and urine proteins. It seems not to be useful.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Allergens in commercial house dust.

The allergen content of commercial house dust extracts was examined. Mite, cat dander and dog dander were major allergens found in the extracts. Endo dust was different from the house dust extracts. There were significant apparent differences in potency between house dust extracts as obtained from the manufacturer. Human dander and cotton linters, at best, represent only minor contributors to house dust allergenicity.

Allergens↗

PubMed1993

[A study of sensitization and symptoms in adult asthmatics who keep cat and dog].

We studied hypersensitivity to cats and dogs in three hundred adult asthmatics who kept them. Some findings were noted as follows. 1) The mean duration for which cats were kept was 6.2 +/- 10.1 (1 S.D.) years and that for dogs was 4.2 +/- 9.6 (1 S.D.) years. 2) The positive rate in intradermal tests to dog dander was 7% and to cat hair-epithelium 32%. The positive RAST (score > or = 2) rate to cat epithelium was 36.1%, to dog dander 31.6% and to dog epithelium 7.3% respectively. 3) Eleven to 18% of the dog keepers and 23 to 36% of the cat keepers whose RAST score were positive were aware of the relationship between pets and asthma, specifically concerning eye and nose symptoms. 4) Thirty percent of the cat and dog keepers had become sensitized to them after keeping them for under one year. The positive RAST rate was unchanged in those who kept Japanese native dogs but increased in those who kept foreign breeds after 3 to 6 years. The rate of sensitization rate to cats tended to increase along with the period for which they were kept. 5) Dog dander RAST scores among the foreign breed keepers were significantly higher than those among the native dog keepers. If the dog breed was the same, the RAST score was not higher if the dog was kept indoors than if it was kept outdoors. We concluded that a possible reason why the RAST scores were higher among those who kept foreign breeds was that foreign breeds have stronger allergenicity.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Allergen immunotherapy for asthma.

BACKGROUND: Allergen specific immunotherapy has long been a controversial treatment for asthma. Although beneficial effects upon clinically relevant outcomes have been demonstrated in randomised controlled trials, there remains a risk of severe and sometimes fatal anaphylaxis. The recommendations of professional bodies have ranged from cautious acceptance to outright dismissal. With increasing interest in new allergen preparations and new methods of delivery, it was time to conduct a systematic review of allergen specific immunotherapy for asthma. OBJECTIVES: Allergen specific immunotherapy involves injecting an extract of the allergen under the skin. It is also known as hyposensitisation or desensitisation, and carries a risk of potentially fatal anaphylaxis. The objective of this review was to assess the effects of allergen specific immunotherapy for asthma. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Airways Group trials register up to 1997, Dissertation Abstracts, WorldCat and ArticleFirst. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials using various forms of allergen specific immunotherapy to treat asthma. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Eligibility of studies for inclusion was decided by three reviewers independently. Quality assessment of studies was performed by two reviewers independently. MAIN RESULTS: Fifty-four trials were included. There were 25 trials of immunotherapy for house mite allergy; 13 pollen allergy trials; eight animal dander allergy trials; two Cladosporium mould allergy and six trials looking at multiple allergens. Concealment of allocation was assessed as clearly adequate in only 11 of these trials. Significant heterogeneity was present in a number of comparisons. Overall, there was a significant reduction in asthma symptoms and medication following immunotherapy. There was also a significant improvement in asthma symptom scores (standardised mean difference -0.52, 95% confidence interval -0.70 to -0.35). People receiving immunotherapy were less likely to report a worsening of asthma symptoms than those randomised to placebo (odds ratio 0.27, 95% confidence interval 0.21 to 0.35). People randomised to immunotherapy were less likely to require medication than those randomised to placebo (odds ratio 0.28, 95% confidence interval 0.19 to 0.42). Allergen immunotherapy reduced allergen specific bronchial hyper-reactivity, with some reduction in non-specific bronchial hyper-reactivity as well. There was no consistent effect on lung function. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Immunotherapy may reduce asthma symptoms and use of asthma medications, but the size of the benefit compared to other therapies is not known. The possibility of adverse effects (such as anaphylaxis) must be considered.

Allergens↗