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PubMed1981

A keyboard data collecting device for behavioural recordings.

A keyboard data collecting device which makes it possible to record the duration, frequency and latency of ten different forms of behaviour simultaneously via direct observation, is presented. The device is simple to operate and easily built even in laboratories without advanced electronic knowledge. It makes the handling of extensive amounts of data easy, since a punched tape output of ASCII-coded data is available for rapid computer processing.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Routinely collected data in national and regional databases--an under-used resource.

Regional and national databases of routinely collected data contain large quantities of health information, usually covering whole populations and often spanning prolonged time periods. Using routine data involves identifying useful sources, assessing the quality of the data and deciding whether what is available is 'fit for purpose'. As long as adequate care is taken, these data may be used in a number of different ways beyond their traditional uses for population health assessments and health service planning.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed1994

A study of home care quality management data-collection systems.

A recent study reveals that home care agencies have inconsistent standards for quality management and inefficient data-collection systems. Are currently available data-collection systems suited for home care needs, or should they be redesigned?

Data Collection↗
PubMed1985

Improvements in data collection through physician use of a computer-based chemotherapy treatment consultant.

The impact of a computer-based data management system on the completeness of clinical trial data was studied before and after the system's introduction in an oncology clinic. Physicians use the system, termed ONCOCIN, to record data during patient visits and to receive advice about treatment and tests required by experimental cancer protocols. Although ONCOCIN does not force the user to enter all data expected by the protocol, after its introduction there was improvement in the recording frequency of such data. The percentage of expected physical findings recorded increased from 74% to 91% (P less than .05), toxicity history from less than 1% to 45% (P less than .01), general chemistry results from 36% to 82% (P less than .01), x-ray results from 44% to 73% (P less than .01), and physicians' assessments of overall disease activity and Karnofsky performance status from 73% to 91% (P less than .05). Analysis of the steps in data collection and their contribution to loss of data suggests that observations or test ordering which are dependent on the physician are most improved by the system. Furthermore, analysis of post-ONCOCIN visits when the system was unavailable suggests that the recording of physician-dependent data (physical findings and assessments of disease activity and performance status) is likely to revert to pre-ONCOCIN levels if the system is not used routinely. The results show that ONCOCIN can greatly enhance recovery of those data expected for chemotherapy protocol patients. The program's interaction with the physician is central to its effectiveness in data collection, especially for data that arise directly from the patient-physician encounter.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of three visit-specific patient satisfaction instruments: reliability and validity measures and the effect of four methods of data collection on dimensions of patient satisfaction.

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the reliability and validity of three short-form patient satisfaction instruments and to examine the effects of data collection methods on patient satisfaction ratings. With a framework to assess quality of care from the patient's perspective, acceptability, accessibility, patient satisfaction rating, provider recommendation, and patient demographic data were collected using three patient surveys: the Health Outcomes Institute questionnaire (HOI); the Nalle Clinic survey (Nalle); and a commercially marketed survey (COM). The four methods of data collection were (1) receptionist-distributed at check-in, (2) student-distributed at check-out, (3) mail, and (4) phone. Data were collected on a systematically selected sample of 1,840 patients who were appointed in two family practice departments of the Nalle Clinic in Charlotte, North Carolina. From the 925 completed surveys, the results indicated that the HOI instrument scored higher on the reliability and validity measures in this patient sample than the Nalle or COM surveys. Analysis of variance was then conducted on the HOI scores across the four methods of data collection. The conclusion was that the method of data collection did not significantly influence any of the patient satisfaction indicators in the family practice sample.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1993

PC/VAX or standalone PC-based general purpose biological data collection system.

A system, to collect, analyse and display biological data, is developed using IBM PC AT compatibles (PCs) or CED1401/1609 devices networked to a VAX environment. It can be operated in three separate modes: using the CED/IEEE/VAX network; using the PC/Ethernet/VAX network; as a standalone PC. The original system comprised CED 1401/1609 data collection devices running on the IEEE bus. This has been superseded by a PC-286 or better incorporating an analogue-to-digital convertor (DT2824-PGH) and a communications interface board (DEPCA) linked by thinwire Ethernet (ThinWire) running DECnet with their product network application software PCSA. This network has not only doubled the original throughput but has also removed the two major IEEE constraints: 4 m between devices and the physical linking of devices to the VAX. The PCs are logically linked to clustered VAXes on Ethernet, giving flexible networking supporting multiple ThinWire segments, each supporting a maximum of 30 PCs per 185 m segment length. As the enhanced design compliments the original, both may operate concurrently, appear similar in operation to the user and use the same analysis software, all of which help reduce the rate of system obsolescence.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2002

Data collection in clinical toxinology: debunking myths and developing diagnostic algorithms.

Clinical toxinology suffers from a long history of poor data collection. A 20-year review of MEDLINE illustrates the lack of randomized controlled trials and prospective studies in clinical toxinology. Mythology surrounds bites and stings, resulting from the general fear of many creatures such as spiders, which has not been disproved by appropriate well-designed studies. The current focus on necrotic arachnidism in many parts of the world is a good example. Previously, most studies have been retrospective, bites and stings have not been confirmed, and creatures have not been kept or have been incorrectly identified. Prospective observational studies of confirmed bites with correct identification of the creature are required in clinical toxinology. This requires a collaboration between those who can correctly identify the animals (biologists/taxonomists) and those involved in the clinical management (poison information services, emergency departments, and toxicology services). Prospective collection of data pertaining to the circumstances and effects of the bites is essential. Routine follow-up is required to identify delayed effects and the duration of immediate effects. Analysis of databases created from prospective studies will not only answer questions about the effects of different species, but will ultimately allow the development of evidence-based methods to identify animals based on the circumstances and effects of bites, rather than requiring formal identification of the culprit.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Simulation of CT reconstruction artifacts associated with multiple-rotation fan-beam data collection.

Artifacts in reconstructed image caused by the errors in projection data depend on the source of the error itself, on the data collection mode and on the reconstruction algorithm. The effect of the multiple-rotation fan-beam data collection modes and corresponding reordered parallel convolution-backprojection algorithms on reconstruction artifacts of this type is analysed.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

Epidemiological monitoring: methods for analysing routinely-collected data.

Morbidity and mortality statistics are routinely collected in many countries. These data may be arranged in a number of ways, for example, classified by area of residence, or occupation of the person concerned, or by the time-period during which the relevant event occurred. Judicious use of such data enables disease to be monitored and may draw attention to the adverse effects of harmful agents in the environment. This paper describes the different methods of analysing data for such purposes, giving examples of their application and discussing their relative merits. Particular reference is made to the data-collecting systems in England and Wales and to the statistical aspects of monitoring disease.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: anatomical classification, procedural success, clinical assessment, and data collection.

PURPOSE: To detail a methodology for evaluation of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair that has been achieved through consensus of an international multidisciplinary team of investigators. METHODS: This schema features an anatomical classification for AAAs, a definition of procedural success, and a procedure for clinical assessment, as well as the necessary data collection forms. Patient data include demographics, procedural and clinical success, complications, and follow-up. Procedural details can be related to anatomic situations, comorbid processes, devices, and effective aneurysmal exclusion. RESULTS: These data would allow assessment of the procedures, physician learning curves, procedural indications, techniques, methodologies, the relationship of indications to success and complications, devices and subsequent graft patency, and aneurysmal exclusion. CONCLUSIONS: The use of this standardized data collection system could enable physicians and industry to better understand endovascular AAA repair and ultimately improve patient care.

Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal↗
PubMed2001

Project of the countrywide data collecting system for neonatal hearing screening programme in Poland.

Neonatal hearing screening is becoming a standard of care in increasing number of hospitals and outpatient departments in Poland. A project of central data collecting system applicable to a neonatal hearing screening programme has been elaborated as a preparation to introducing a countrywide screening programme. The data collecting system will be based on the currently existing central system for the registration of neonatal screening tests for metabolic diseases. Data on risk factors for hearing loss and hearing screening test results will be collected. A central data collecting system for a neonatal hearing screening programme will increase the efficiency of the screening programme and facilitate epidemiological studies.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1987

Experimental study of two methods of data collection by questionnaire.

The aim of the present study was to compare the results obtained using two different methods of data collection about caries preventive services provided in general dental practice. A questionnaire was mailed to a random national sample of 479 dentists resident in Norway in January 1985. The sample was divided into two groups by random allocation. All dentists, irrespective of group, were requested to give background information. One group, comprising 287 dentists (GR), was asked to complete a separate form for every adult patient (greater than or equal to 20 yr) treated in the course of 1 day. The demographic characteristics and dental visiting habits of the patients, as well as the number of teeth present, caries lesions and preventive services rendered were recorded. The other group, 192 dentists (GE), was requested to make general estimates of the time spent on caries prevention and the proportion of patients receiving various types of caries preventive services. The dentists were unaware of the methodologic aspect of the survey and everyone received one reminder in order to guarantee anonymity. The estimation method (GE) did not give the expected advantage over the registration method (GR) in response rate (51.7% vs 46.2%, P greater than 0.40), and gave a gross overestimation of the frequency with which adult patients received different types of caries preventive procedures (P less than 0.005). Thus, even though the estimates of the proportion of total treatment time spent on caries prevention were comparable for the two methods, and the estimation approach is labor-saving, it cannot be recommended for the collection of data on caries prevention in the dental office.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Research on lesbianism: selected effects of time, geographic location, and data collection technique.

It is the intention of this article both to be descriptive of elements of the lesbian life style that appear to be consistent over time and to examine the results of using widely different data collection techniques attempting to differentiate such behaviors. In addition, the study from which the data are derived examined areas of change and social movement among selected areas of personal commitment or interaction. Research in the area of covert behavior is extremely difficult. Certain types of covert behavior preclude traditional survey and sampling procedures, making parameter estimates for the general population, as well as precluding the use of inferential statistics for data analysis. The masking of the deviant self is perhaps most pronounced where the covert activity in question is illegal (Klockars, 1974). Given this, a comparison of the impact of different research techniques on the quality of data generated in the study of deviant behavior would appear to be important. The data were collected from three separate groups involving three data collection times spread over a 10-year period, involving three geographic locations, and involving two different data collection techniques. A total of 394 lesbians were interviewed or responded to a questionnaire distributed with the cooperation of a large, well-known homophile organization. An analysis was made, and both significant and nonsignificant differences in sample types are discussed. It should be noted that these data represent a small segment of the data generated by the study. The parts of them presented were chosen because they address pertinent theoretical and methodological questions in the area of researching covert behavior.

Achievement↗
PubMed1992

There is more than one way to collect data for linkage analysis. What a study of epilepsy can tell us about linkage strategy for psychiatric disease.

The most popular strategy for finding genes in psychiatric diseases has been to focus on large pedigrees with many affected members. While this strategy has sound advantages, it also has drawbacks that have seldom been addressed. The strategy of using smaller families also has its place in a linkage analysis. To illustrate the point, I discuss herein the successful search for a gene for another common complex disease, namely, idiopathic primary generalized epilepsy. There, investigators in the Los Angeles (Calif) Epilepsy Program used mostly nuclear families who were chosen through a proband with highly specific characteristics. An independent study, using a different strategy but one still focused on small families, then confirmed the linkage. However, investigators of both epilepsy projects put much care into determining which clinical characteristics would be used to define the index cases. The implications for the study of psychiatric disease are as follows: (1) careful attention must be paid to clinical presentation, and (2) there is room for both large-pedigree and small-family strategies in designing linkage studies.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2001

The efficacy of whole cell pertussis immunisation: collected data on a vaccine produced in France.

The place of whole cell pertussis vaccines in paediatric immunisation schedules is under re-evaluation by public health authorities in many countries, with the expectation that the newly licensed acellular Bordetella pertussis vaccines will induce fewer adverse events while providing equivalent efficacy. In France, for instance, the CSHPF (Conseil supérieur d'hygiène public de France) recently modified its long-standing recommendation that French children only receive whole cell pertussis vaccine. Consequently, an acellular pertussis vaccine may be used for the first booster, at 16-18 months of age, and should be used for the reinforcing dose at 11-13 y of age. French children, nonetheless, continue to receive whole cell pertussis vaccine for the primary series immunisations at 2, 3, and 4 months, as the only whole cell pertussis vaccine available in France (licensed by Aventis Pasteur) has a long-established record of safety and protective efficacy. A review of its unpublished and published clinical results, obtained from studies throughout the world, demonstrates an efficacy of from 84-100% in six different retrospective analyses or outbreak investigations and a protective efficacy of 92% by clinical trial.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Validity in action research: a discussion on theoretical and practice issues encountered whilst using observation to collect data.

AIM: The paper contributes to an understanding of validity in action research methodology by examining issues arising from our attempts to describe the role of an observer in an action research study. BACKGROUND: Our experiences in observing patient care in intensive care settings are used to illuminate discussion on the nature of validity in action research. CONTENT: The paper examines the nature of validity in action research methodology before briefly describing a study that included observing intensive care staff providing patient care. Various perspectives on observation as a research method are critically examined. These include observer role, level of participation, use of cover, structure and timing of observation. Validity in action research underpins the discussion in the paper. CONCLUSION: We conclude that it may not always be possible to categorize the role of the observer within existing definitions. It may be better to summarize the actual observer role as a way of illustrating validity so that the reader can judge the validity of the findings from an action research study.

Critical Care↗
PubMed1997

Collecting data on potentially harmful events: a method for monitoring incidents in general practice.

OBJECTIVE: The prediction and subsequent prevention of errors, which are an integral element of human behaviour, require an understanding of their cause. The incident monitoring technique was developed in the study of aviation errors in the Second World War and has been applied more recently in the field of anaesthetics. This pilot study represents one of the first attempts to apply the incident monitoring technique in the general practice environment. METHOD: A total of 297 GPs across Australia anonymously reported details of unintended events which harmed or could have harmed the patient. Reports were contemporaneously recorded on prepared forms which allowed a free text description of the incident, and structured responses for contributing and mitigating factors, immediate and long-term out-comes, additional costs etc. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The first 500 reports were analysed using both of qualitative and quantitative methods and a brief overview of results is presented. The methodological issues arising in the application of this technique to such a large, widely spread profession, in which episodes of care are not necessarily confined to a single consultation, are discussed. This study demonstrated that the incident monitoring technique can be successfully applied in general practice and that the resulting information can facilitate the identification of common factors contributing to such events and allow the development of preventive interventions.

Australia↗