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PubMed2005

Physical status, nutrient intake and dietary pattern of adolescent female factory workers in urban Bangladesh.

This cross-sectional study examined the physical status, nutrient intake and dietary pattern of adolescent female factory workers in urban Bangladesh. A total of 1211 postmenarchial girls aged 14-19 y from seventeen readymade garment industries spread over the Dhaka City participated in the study. Body weight, height and skin fold thickness were measured for all subjects. The nutrient intake was assessed by 24-h recall method and 7-day food frequency questionnaire was used to investigate their dietary pattern on a sub-sample of 509 girls. Sixty five percent of the girls were short (height-for-age, <3rd percentile of NCHS reference values). Pre-valence of short stature was higher in the older girls. Mean body weight was 38k g for the 14 year old girls, which gradually increased across the age groups to about 42 kg for the 18 and 19 year olds. About 17% of the girls were thin (BMI-for-age <5th percentile of NCHS reference values). Over all, about 23% were lean (TSFT-for-age <5th percentile of NCHS reference values). Food intake data revealed a deficit of 1.62 MJ/day in energy. Mean intake of protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C were below the recommended dietary allowance. Most of the energy and nutrients came from cereal grains. Habitual pattern of food intake revealed poor intake of eggs, milk, meat, and green leafy vegetables. In conclusion, the data show a poor physical status of the adolescent female factory workers in Bangladesh. Simultaneous substantial deficits in energy and several nutrients in their diet stress the need for an appropriate intervention to improve their overall nutritional and physical status of these young females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

US dietary patterns associated with fat intake: the 1987 National Health Interview Survey.

OBJECTIVES: This research used food frequency data to investigate dietary patterns associated with fat intake. METHODS: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey of 20,143 adults were used to determine correlations between fat (adjusted for kilocalories) and both nutrient and food group intakes. Median food and nutrient intakes were determined within quartiles of percentage of kilocalories from fat. RESULTS: Intakes of vegetables, fruits, cereals, fish/chicken, low-fat milk, alcoholic beverages, vitamin C, percentage of kilocalories from carbohydrates, carotenoids, folate, dietary fiber, carbohydrates, and vitamin A decreased as percentage of kilocalories from fat increased. Intakes of salty snacks, peanuts, processed and red meats, whole milk and cheese, desserts, eggs, fried potatoes, table fats, cholesterol, vitamin E, sodium, protein, and energy increased with percentage of kilocalories from fat. Results by demographic subgroups showed few differences from those found in the total population. CONCLUSIONS: Fat intake is consistently associated with specific dietary patterns. Such patterns need to be evaluated concurrently in studies of diet and chronic disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Dietary patterns in anorexia nervosa.

This study characterized the dietary patterns of 96 patients with anorexia nervosa who were seen for diet history. The mean age of the patients was 16.6 yr, and mean loss from preillness weight was 28%. Twenty-five patients ate high-quality meals regularly but simply restricted calories. Eleven maintained a high-quality diet but ate at irregular intervals; of these, six had episodes of binge-eating and vomiting or fasting. Among patients whose diets were qualitatively poor, 19 consumed regular meals and 41 ate irregularly; 31 of the latter had episodes of binge-eating and vomiting or fasting. No typical profile of dietary manipulations by these patients was found. Beyond the generalization that there was caloric restriction that resulted in weight loss, there was great variability in the diet patterns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Dietary patterns and glucose intolerance among rural Indian populations.

Dietary data obtained by application of uniform methodology in rural diabetes surveys conducted near Delhi, Ahmedabad, Trivandrum and Cuttack (441 normal persons and 142 subjects ascertained as abnormal following oral glucose tolerance test), at Kalpa (30 normal, 14 abnormal) in Himachal Pradesh state, and near Kottayam (3588 normal, 37 abnormal) in Kerala state, were summarised. Average nutrients intake in rural Indians were between 53% and 69% as carbohydrates, 55% and 70% (of total carbohydrates) as complex carbohydrates, 0% and 8% as free sugars, 11% and 16% as proteins, 16% and 46% (of total proteins) as animal proteins, 17% and 32% as fats and, 30% and 54% (of total fats) as animal fats. There were no consistent differences in the total energy intake and, proportions of total or complex carbohydrates, free sugars, total or animal proteins and total or animal fats between subjects with normal and abnormal glucose tolerance. Complex carbohydrates constituted major source of carbohydrates even in those with abnormal glucose tolerance, and there was also evidence to suggest that animal fat was favoured within India too. Of the Indian dietary habits, it is difficult to identify any specific dietary pattern to relate with diabetes. Qualitative and not quantitative nutrients intake alone needs more detailed analysis for their relationship with glucose tolerance.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2003

Reduction of cardiovascular mortality in Poland and changes in dietary patterns.

BACKGROUND: A decrease in mortality due to cardiovascular diseases has been recently documented in Poland. AIM: To assess changes in dietary patterns in Poland in the 90's. METHODS: The Central Statistical Office data on food consumption from the years 1989-2000 were analysed. The energy and fatty acid content in the consumed food were calculated with the use of the national food composition tables. RESULTS: A decrease in the consumption of butter by 52%, other animal fats by 20%, milk by 27%, beef by 57% and potatoes by 8% was noted. On the other hand, the consumption of vegetable fat increased by 100%, poultry by 70% and fruit by 64%. Changes in the consumption of cereal products, vegetables, pork, eggs and sugar were insignificant. A decrease of 19% in the consumption of saturated fatty acids and an increase of 32% in the intake of the polyunsaturated fatty acids were found. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in dietary patterns explain, at least in part, a marked reduction in cardiovascular mortality recently observed in Poland.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Maternal resources, parenting, and dietary patterns among rural African American children in single-parent families.

A correlation study was designed to test the hypothesis that maternal education, perceived family resources, and the importance of family routines would be related to children's dietary patterns. Additionally, the study examined the hypothesis that dietary patterns would be associated with children's cognitive and physical abilities. The sample for this study included 159 African American single-mother families with a 6- to 9-year-old child living in rural areas, most of whom lived in poverty. Children's eating patterns were assessed using a self-report questionnaire administered to the mother in an interview format. Children's cognitive ability was measured by several subscales from the Woodcock Johnson Psycho-Educational Instrument and the Harter Perceived Competence Scale for children. For male children, the mother's higher education was related to more adequate eating patterns at home, and more perceived family resources were related to the likelihood of taking vitamin supplements. For female children, greater milk intake was positively related to cognitive outcomes, including applied problem, passage comprehension, calculation, synonym identification, antonym identification, and quantitative concept scores. Milk intake was clearly related to more optimal cognitive development. The results of this study support the literature related to the importance of nutrition for cognitive and physical abilities in children.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2002

Dietary patterns and risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Fijian, Japanese and Vietnamese populations.

Diabetes mellitus is now a serious and increasing problem in Asian countries, where dietary patterns have shifted toward Westernized foods and people are becoming more sedentary. In order to elucidate the relationship of dietary habits to the development of diabetic risk factors, the dietary patterns of 200 Fijian, 171 Japanese and 181 Vietnamese women of 30-39 years of age were investigated using 3 day-24 h recall or dietary records. Anthropometric measurements and glycosuria tests were also conducted. The dietary trends of Fijians and Japanese have changed drastically in the past 50 years, while Vietnamese have been minimally influenced by Western dietary habits. The mean 24 h dietary intake showed that Fijians had the highest energy intake. Energy intake from fat was only 13% for Vietnamese, but over 30% for Japanese and Fijians. Percentage of body fat was higher in Vietnamese than in Japanese, though there were no significant differences in body mass index (BMI). In the overweight and obese women, Vietnamese had higher abdominal obesity than Japanese. The prevalence of obesity (BMI > or = 30 kg/m2) was 63.0% for Fijians, 1.8% for Japanese and 1.1% for Vietnamese. Glycosuria testing yielded the most positive cases among Fijians. Dietary transition and dietary excess appear to be potential risk factors for diabetes in Fijian women.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Prospective study of major dietary patterns and colorectal cancer risk in women.

A number of prospective cohort studies have examined the relations of individual dietary variables to risk of colorectal cancer. Few studies have addressed the broader eating patterns that reflect many dietary exposures working together. Using data from a prospective study of 61,463 women, with an average follow-up period of 9.6 years (between 1987 and 1998) and 460 incident cases of colorectal cancer, the authors conducted a factor analysis to identify and examine major dietary patterns in relation to colorectal cancer risk. Using proportional hazards regression to estimate relative risks, the authors found no clear association between a "Western," "healthy," or "drinker" dietary pattern and colorectal cancer risk. However, the data suggested that consuming low amounts of foods that constitute a "healthy" dietary pattern may be associated with increased risks of colon and rectal cancers. An inverse association with the "healthy" dietary pattern was found among women under age 50 years, although the number of cancers in this age group was limited and interpretation of this finding should be cautious. In this age group, relative risks for women in increasing quintiles of the "healthy" dietary pattern, compared with the lowest quintile, were 0.74 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.41, 1.31), 0.69 (95% CI: 0.39, 1.24), 0.59 (95% CI: 0.32, 1.07), and 0.45 (95% CI: 0.23, 0.88) (p for trend = 0.03). The role of overall eating patterns in predicting colorectal cancer risk requires further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Prevalence of hypertension and the relationship between dietary pattern and hypertension in rural middle-aged and elderly in HeNan Province].

6186 subjects (age > or = 40) from a cross sectional study named Dietary, Life Style and Chronic Diseases cooperated by Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine and BioSignia Inc. in 1997 were included in this analysis. The prevalence rate of hypertension and the dietary intakes were analyzed. The results showed that the prevalence rate was 44.8% in the corresponding, which were obviously increased compared with the results in 1991, and were higher than other areas in this same period in China. The dietary pattern was obviously unreasonable in this population. The prevalence rate of hypertension was higher in the population who eat less vegetable, fruit, fishes or eat more salted vegetable. And the results indicated that improving dietary pattern may be an inexpensive and effective way to prevent hypertension and to promote people's health in rural area.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Dietary patterns and changes in body weight in women.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine the association between adherence to dietary patterns and weight change in women. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Women (51,670, 26 to 46 years old) in the Nurses' Health Study II were followed from 1991 to 1999. Dietary intake and body weight were ascertained in 1991, 1995, and 1999. A Western pattern, characterized by high intakes of red and processed meats, refined grains, sweets and desserts, and potatoes, and a prudent pattern, characterized by high intakes of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, poultry, and salad dressing, were identified with principal component analysis, and associations between patterns and change in body weight were estimated. RESULTS: Women who increased their Western pattern score had greater weight gain (multivariate adjusted means, 4.55 kg for 1991 to 1995 and 2.86 kg for 1995 to 1999) than women who decreased their Western pattern score (2.70 and 1.37 kg for the two time periods), adjusting for baseline lifestyle and dietary confounders and changes in confounders over time (p < 0.001 for both time periods). Furthermore, among women who increased their prudent pattern score, weight gain was smaller (multivariate-adjusted means, 1.93 kg for 1991 to 1995 and 0.66 kg for 1995 to 1999) than among women who decreased their prudent pattern score (4.83 and 3.35 kg for the two time periods) (p < 0.001). The largest weight gain between 1991 and 1995 and between 1995 and 1999 was observed among women who decreased their prudent pattern score while increasing their Western pattern score (multivariate adjusted means, 6.80 and 4.99 kg), whereas it was smallest for the opposite change in patterns (0.87 and -0.64 kg) (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Adoption of a Western dietary pattern is associated with larger weight gain in women, whereas a prudent dietary pattern may facilitate weight maintenance.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The effects of physical and emotional status on adherence to a low-fat dietary pattern in the Women's Health Initiative.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the effects of physical and emotional status on adherance to a low-fat (20% energy) dietary pattern are mediated by participation in an intervention program (attending sessions and self-monitoring). DESIGN: The Baron and Kenny mediator model, a series of 4 regression analyses, was used to evaluate whether: a) physical and emotional status predicted program participation, b) program participation predicted dietary adherence, c) physical and emotional status factors predicted dietary adherence, and, ultimately d) the effects of physical and emotional status on dietary adherence were mediated by program participation. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Data from 13,277 postmenopausal women randomly assigned to the low-fat intervention arm of the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. INTERVENTION: The nutrition goals for women randomly assigned to the low-fat intervention were to reduce total fat intake to 20% or less of energy from fat and to consume 5 or more fruit/vegetable servings daily and 6 or more grain servings daily. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Year 1 program participation (degree of attending group sessions and submitting fat scores) and adherence to the low-fat dietary pattern (percent energy from fat) as predicted by baseline physical and emotional status (eight SF-36 Health Survey subscales). RESULTS: Participating in the dietary intervention program reduced (mediated) the negative effect of poorer mental health on dietary adherence by 15%. Additional findings included that a 10% increase in physical functioning increased session attendance by 0.4% (P<.001) and a 10% increase in mental health predicted a decrease in percent energy from fat of 0.3% (P<.001). Program participation had a marked effect on dietary adherence: a 10% increase in session attendance predicted a 1.2% decrease in percent energy from fat (P<.001). APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Understanding and using instruments to assess the physical and emotional status of a target population will help dietetic professionals promote healthful dietary change and maintenance.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Dietary patterns: a Mediterranean diet score and its relation to clinical and biological markers of cardiovascular disease risk.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: It has been suggested that overall dietary patterns and not single nutrients should be studied, since food items might have a synergistic and antagonistic effect on health. The Mediterranean diet has long been associated with lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Therefore, we developed a diet score that incorporates the inherent characteristics of this dietary pattern. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used 11 main components of the Mediterranean diet (non-refined cereals, fruits, vegetables, potatoes, legumes, olive oil, fish, red meat, poultry, full fat dairy products and alcohol). For the consumption of items presumed to be close to this pattern we assigned scores 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 when a participant reported no consumption, rare, frequent, very frequent, weekly and daily, respectively. For the consumption of foods presumed to be away from this pattern we assigned the scores on a reverse scale. Especially for alcohol, we assigned score 5 for consumption of less than 300 ml/day, score 0 for consumption of more than 700 ml/day or none and scores 1-4 for consumption of 300-400, 400-500, 500-600, and 600-700 ml/day (100 ml = 12 g ethanol), respectively. Then a total score ranging from 0 to 55 was calculated. After having applied this diet score in the participants of the ATTICA study we observed a significant positive association with monounsaturated fat and monounsaturated-to-saturated fat intake. We also observed, an inverse association with serum lipids, blood pressures, inflammation and coagulation markers related to cardiovascular disease. The application of that score in a case-control study (CARDIO2000) suggested that the score was inversely associated with the odds of having acute coronary syndromes. CONCLUSION: The Mediterranean diet score proposed above may be useful in assessing the nutritional status of an individual and investigating the relationship of the Mediterranean diet with various health outcomes.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2005

Traditional v. modified dietary patterns and their influence on adolescents' nutritional profile.

Korea has experienced exceptionally rapid economic developments. Even though the country has managed to maintain aspects of its traditional diet, dietary habits are changing, especially among adolescents. This study was carried out to identify prevailing dietary patterns among Korean adolescents and to compare the nutrient intakes and dietary behaviours between the patterns. A 3 d diet record, collected from 671 Korean adolescents aged 12-14 years in Seoul, Korea, was assessed. By cluster analysis, subjects were classified into a modified (69.9 %) and a traditional (30.1 %) dietary pattern group. The modified group consumed more bread, noodles, cookies and pizza/hamburgers compared with the traditional group, which consumed mainly rice and kimchi (fermented cabbage). The modified group had significantly higher intakes of all nutrients. It had a higher total daily energy intake (7719 kJ), a higher daily energy intake from fat (29.8 %) and a higher cholesterol intake (326 mg/d), compared with the traditional group (6686 kJ, 24.8 % and 244 mg/d, respectively). The modified group was more likely to consume fast foods, fried foods and carbonated beverages even though they consumed more fresh fruits and milk, while the traditional group was more likely to have a rice-based diet and not to skip breakfast. These results suggest that monitoring dietary behaviours of adolescents, especially in a society experiencing a nutrition transition, is necessary in order to identify both negative and positive changes in respect of risk factors for nutrition-related chronic diseases as well as for undernutrition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A high-score Mediterranean dietary pattern is associated with a reduced risk of peripheral arterial disease in Italian patients with Type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: The 'Mediterranean diet' is considered to exert protective effects on cardiovascular disease, although a wide range of dietary patterns exists among subjects living even in the same Mediterranean country. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between specific dietary patterns and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in Italian Type 2 diabetes patients. DESIGN: From a cohort of 944 patients with Type 2 diabetes, 144 patients with PAD were selected, and matched for age and sex with 288 Type 2 diabetic control patients without macrovascular complications. A dietary score was elaborated from a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The higher the final score, the healthier the eating habit. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, a higher score was independently associated with a significant reduction in PAD risk [odds ratio (OR) = 0.44; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24, 0.83]. Diabetes duration (OR > 15 years = 2.49; 95% CI 1.45, 4.25), hypertension (OR = 2.12; 95% CI 1.31, 3.45) and butter consumption (OR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.15, 3.68) were also significantly associated with PAD. The dietary score significantly improved the predictive value of models based on duration of diabetes and hypertension. (LSR = 2.19, DF = 7, P < 0.001). The effect of a high dietary score on the risk of PAD was independent of diabetes duration and hypertension. CONCLUSION: In Italian Type 2 diabetics, a higher dietary score has a protective role against PAD. The use of butter increases the risk of PAD even in patients regularly consuming olive oil. Dietary advice may be helpful for the prevention of PAD in diabetics even in populations traditionally accustomed to a Mediterranean dietary habit.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Developmental study of digestive motor response to dietary pattern in young broilers.

1. Gastrointestinal (GI) morphometry and motility were measured in young broilers (3, 8 and 15 days old) when they were submitted to three dietary patterns (ad libitum food, acute 48-hr fast and cumulative semi-starvation). 2. All GI regions were hypertrophied when acute or intermittent starvation were applied; lightly when acute starvation was applied and strongly with intermittent starvation. 3. All the 3-, 8- and 15-day-old acutely and intermittently starved chickens increased GI motility at the shortest times (0.5 and 1 hr) after the marker administration, but decreased GI motility at the longest times (2 and 4 hr). 4. The GI motor response of intermittently starved chicks was faster than the observed one in acutely starved chicks. The GI tract of intermittent starved chicks increased its motor response proportionally to the broilers age, while acutely starved chicks decreased their GI motility when the broilers age was increased. 5. A relationship between morphometrical and motor GI responses to dietary pattern has been inferred. From the gizzard and small bowel hypertrophy caused by intermittent starvation, an increased reflex GI motor response can be expected. Acute starvation only caused a light increase of GI motility, because it only increased the gizzard morphometry. 6. We concluded that young chicks respond to acute starvation by means of a short-term mechanism (an increase of GI motor reflexes) and responds to intermittent starvation by means of a medium- and long-term mechanism (a hypertrophy of GI tract and its subsequent increase of GI motor reflexes).

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Dietary patterns in Perrier's sifakas (Propithecus diadema perrieri): a preliminary study.

Some lemur species range into only one habitat type, whereas others range into a variety of habitats. Because plant community structure can differ between habitats, dietary patterns may vary for conspecific groups of primates that range into more than one type of habitat. The goal of our study was to determine how habitat variation influences dietary patterns in Perrier's sifakas (Propithecus diadema perrieri) that range into both dry and riparian forests in northern Madagascar. We collected 542 hr of data on the behavior and diet of two groups of P.d. perrieri from 7 June to 4 August 1998 at Camp Antobiratsy in Analamera Special Reserve, Madagascar. We computed indices of dietary diversity for each group and dietary/plant species similarity between groups. P.d. perrieri in group 1 fed predominantly in dry forest (72.7% of feeding records, n=660), whereas those in group 2 fed most often in riparian forest (73.7% of feeding records, n=666). The index of dietary similarity (0.986) was significantly higher than the index of plant species similarity (0.767). Although the P.d. perrieri in the two study groups fed predominantly in different forest habitats, they ate similar food items in very comparable proportions (but not from the same plant species). However, based on habitat availability measures, neither group fed where they were expected to feed.

Animals↗