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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Recall (versus recognition) of taste and immunization against aversive taste anticipations based on illness.

Two experiments show that, after taste-aversion conditioning, rats can use external retrieval cues to recall or anticipate the aversive taste solution and avoid its location without making contact with the flavor. They also show that the rat's avoidance of a conditioned aversive taste and its consumption of the aversive flavored solution can be attenuated by giving it prior runway training in which taste reward is given inconsistently on a partial reinforcement schedule.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The use of image habituation training with post-traumatic stress disorders.

An exposure treatment for patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is described. Image habituation training (IHT) involves the patient in generating verbal descriptions of the traumatic event and recording these onto an audiotape. After the initial training session with the therapist, homework sessions of self-directed exposure in which the patient visualised the described event in response to listening to the audiotape were carried out. Of ten consecutive patients who received this treatment, six improved considerably after ten homework sessions, two showed moderate improvements, and two showed minimal improvement on a range of outcome measures. There were significant decreases in anxiety between and within homework sessions, suggesting that habituation did occur and was responsible for improvement. Treatment gains were maintained at six-month follow-up.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Addiction relapse.

The paper examines the phenomenon of addiction relapse from the "Addictive Processes" frame of reference. Consistently high relapse rates (seventy-five to ninety percent) which have been reported throughout the literature for a variety of compulsive behaviors support the conceptualization of addiction as a family of social problem behaviors which share essential similarities. Relapse studies are cited from the areas of compulsive drug or alcohol use, smoking, and criminal recidivism. Mechanisms from biochemical, psychological and social arenas are then explored as causal factors which underlie the apparent recalcitrance typical in a wide spectrum of addictive disorders. A core relapse prevention strategy is suggested as a flexible device, modifiable in accord with the particular addictive disturbance in question.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2000

Preference for unreliable reinforcement in children with mental retardation: the role of conditioned reinforcement.

We examined the effects of conditioned reinforcement on children's choice between reliable (100%) and unreliable (50%) reinforcement under various stimulus conditions in a concurrent-chains procedure. The study was conducted across three experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted under conditions similar to basic laboratory work and consisted of participants selecting from one of two black boxes (placed on a table) that were correlated with different reinforcement schedules. In Experiment 3, we assessed a participant's preference for unreliable reinforcement during conditions in which the target responses were aggression and mands. Results of the three experiments showed that the participants preferred unreliable reinforcement under certain conditions. Findings are discussed regarding the role of specific stimuli (i.e., items correlated with a reinforcement schedule, adult reactions) as conditioned reinforcers and how they may influence children's preference for a response (e.g., aggression, self-injury) that produces reinforcement on a leaner schedule than a socially desirable response (e.g., mands).

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

Establishing and maintaining treatment effects with less intrusive consequences via a pairing procedure.

The generality and long-term maintenance of a pairing procedure designed to improve the efficacy of less intrusive procedures were evaluated for the treatment of problem behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement exhibited by 2 individuals with developmental disabilities. Results suggested that a less intrusive procedure could be established as a conditioned punisher by pairing it with an effective punisher contingent on problem behavior. Generalization across multiple therapists was demonstrated for both participants. However, generalization to another setting was not achieved for 1 participant until pairing was conducted in the second setting. Long-term maintenance was observed with 1 participant in the absence of further pairing trials. Maintenance via intermittent pairing trials was successful for the other participant.

Adult↗
PubMed1963

Effect of amount of training on rate and duration of responding during extinction.

Four experiments are reported in which the amount of CRF training prior to extinction is examined as it effects transient changes in response frequency and duration immediately following extinction onset. The first two experiments, using albino rats as subjects and water reinforcement, revealed a reliable relationship between length of time on CRF and the tendency to increase response frequency, duration, and the variability of response frequency and duration. Two comparative experiments were conducted using 53-to-69-month old children as subjects, and recorded music as reinforcement. The results of the first child study failed to conform with those obtained in the rat experiments. However, manipulation of the reinforcer in a subsequent study reproduced the rat extinction effect. Despite the differences in the rat and child experiments, the qualitative similarity of the results of the four studies suggests a basic underlying comparability of the relationship between the amount of training and transient changes in response frequency.

Animals↗
PubMed1963

A comparison of several procedures for eliminating behavior.

The pecking response of pigeons was reinforced when a minimum period of time had elapsed since the last response (DRL schedule of food-reinforcement). Punishment, satiation, extinction, and stimulus change were employed separately to reduce responding. When the effects of the four procedures were compared, punishment was found capable of producing a more immediate, complete and long lasting response reduction than the others. Punishment had its maximum effect on the responses that were least relevant to reinforcement. The punishment reduced the frequency of the short inter-response times to a greater extent than did either extinction or satiation. In this way, punishment actually increased the efficiency of the DRL responding.

Animals↗
PubMed1966

Threshold for conditioned suppression using x-rays as the pre-aversive stimulus.

Four male, 12-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used to determine the threshold for behavioral response to X-irradiation using the conditioned suppression technique. They were maintained at 80 per cent body weight and initially trained to stable performance on a VI 1 min schedule with 16 per cent sucrose solution as reinforcement. After a stable baseline was obtained, animals were placed in the instrumental conditioning box beneath the X-ray machine for a half-hour session each day. While subjects were actively pressing the lever for reinforcement, 15-sec X-ray exposures of 0.5 R/sec were administered, followed immediately by electric shock. After all animals had exhibited conditioned suppression, the dose-rate was decreased in subsequent sessions in an effort to establish threshold. The results indicate that X-rays at a dose-rate as low as 0.004 R/sec can be an effective pre-aversive stimulus for the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1966

The stability and control of conditioned noise aversion in the tilt cage.

Twenty-six rats were used to study the development of stable conditioned responding to terminate white noise (100 or 105 db) in a tilt cage apparatus. Preliminary work, with one end of the cage consistently associated with silence, demonstrated stability at a high level of cumulative noise-off time per session. Time spent at the noise-off cage end was unaffected by lay-off and showed adaptation to reversal of the cage end functions. Variability in reversal acquisition, insensitivity to stimulus intensity changes and persistence in remaining at one end of the cage in the absence of noise-termination contingencies indicated the need for more precise behavioral control. A schedule programming several reversals of the no-noise end at variable intervals within each session was developed. Performance on the latter schedule was characterized by stability of high noise-off times and also proved more sensitive than the preliminary method to stimulus intensity changes (55, 70, 100 db) as measured by both cumulated noise-off time and cage crossing rates. The ease of training combined with sensitivity to stimulus change and the lack of highly specific motor response requirements make this technique promising for use with animals potentially debilitated by drugs or surgical after-effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

Punished and unpunished responding in multiple variable-interval schedules.

The performance of rats trained on multiple variable-interval schedules was examined before, during, and after punishment. The same linear function related relative response rates to relative density of reinforcement both in the presence and absence of punishment. Equal relative suppression was seen in both the high and low reinforcement density components. The intercept value of the function was zero. Each component of the schedule was programmed on a separate lever: thus during any component, there was an opportunity for responses on the nonoperative lever (errors). The proportions of these errors declined to a near-zero value during punishment and did not regain their prepunishment values after punishment was removed, suggesting that some discrimination learning occurred during punishment. Recovery of response rate during punishment was seen only where a greater-than-zero probability of reinforcement was associated with the response.

Animals↗