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PubMed1996

Personality traits and states as predictors of subjective well-being in centenarians, octogenarians, and sexagenarians.

The predictability of personality for psychological well-being in centenarians when compared to sexagenarians and octogenarians was investigated. Multiple regressions were computed to examine the separate and joint effects of personality traits and states upon morale. Results indicated that low tension and high extraversion predicted high morale for centenarians. Guilt was the most important personality state predicting morale for the 60s age group, and control variables gender and health were significant for the 80s age group. The assessment of personality traits and states has important implications for working with centenarians and other older adults to maintain or improve their subjective well-being.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Figure-drawing indices of psychological accessibility.

We investigated the hypotheses that windows, doors, pathways, and size of the house in the House drawing of the House-Tree-Person projective drawing technique reflect psychological and social accessibility by correlating these variables with the Social Introversion scale of the MMPI-2. Subjects were 153 nonclinical, community adults, and 146 clinical patients currently receiving mental health services. While there were strong correlations among these figure-drawing variables, suggesting some common underlying dimension, these scores were not significantly correlated with psychological accessibility as measured by the Si scale of the MMPI-2. Possible interpretations were suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use.

Mobile phone use is banned or illegal under certain circumstances and in some jurisdictions. Nevertheless, some people still use their mobile phones despite recognized safety concerns, legislation, and informal bans. Drawing potential predictors from the addiction literature, this study sought to predict usage and, specifically, problematic mobile phone use from extraversion, self-esteem, neuroticism, gender, and age. To measure problem use, the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale was devised and validated as a reliable self-report instrument, against the Addiction Potential Scale and overall mobile phone usage levels. Problem use was a function of age, extraversion, and low self-esteem, but not neuroticism. As extraverts are more likely to take risks, and young drivers feature prominently in automobile accidents, this study supports community concerns about mobile phone use, and identifies groups that should be targeted in any intervention campaigns.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1977

[The effects of wheelchair dependency on the self-concept (author's transl)].

The article studies the question whether the self-concept of wheelchair-bound people - as described in a personality questionnaire (Freiburg personality inventory) - differ from that of the non-disabled and other disability groups, and to what extent. The study was performed on 297 wheelchair-bound persons and corresponding reference samples. There was evidence that differences between these groups are existent. The way wheelchair-bound people describe themselves indicates mechanisms developed to compensate for reduced self-acceptance. Furthermore, the study results argue in favour of psychological training methods to be applied in the rehabilitation of this disability group and the development of appropriate measuring instruments.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed2002

A preliminary measurement of the surgical personality.

BACKGROUND: We used the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (Psychological Resources, Inc.) to test for a distinct surgical personality. METHODS: The NEO-PI-R is a compilation of 240 statements. Subjects agree or disagree with the statements, generating a score in five personality traits according to the five factor theory: neuroticism (N), extraversion (E), openness (O), agreeableness (A), and conscientiousness (C). Each score is compared with that for the general population. RESULTS: Twenty-four male and 15 female surgical residents voluntarily took the inventory. Compared to the general population, males scored lower in N (p <0.05), higher in E (P <0.001), O (P <0.05) and C (p <0.001), and average in A (no significant difference). Females scored average in N and A (no significant difference), and higher in E (p <0.001), O (P <0.05), and C (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The similarity of trait variance from the general population in both male and female surgical residents supports the concept of a surgical personality.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Some further studies on the prediction of experimental colds in volunteers by psychological factors.

An analysis of the incidence of colds in volunteers, exposed experimentally to various rhinovirus and influenza virus challenges, confirmed an earlier report that assessments of virus shedding show a higher degree of infection by rhinovirus in Introverts than they do in Extroverts. The influenza trials however did not show such an effect. In addition, people with higher scores on a widely used self-report inventory of mild psychoneurotic symptoms tended to show more evidence of increased nasal secretion after infection by either type of virus. The specific scale showing the latter effect most clearly was that of Obsessional Symptoms. Taking account of these psychological factors greatly increased the sensitivity of a study of the beneficial effects of interferon.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1975

A state-trait analysis of alpha density and personality variables in a normal population.

In Study I eyes-open and eyes-closed percentage time resting alpha in normal young male adults was correlated positively with psychological test scores that reflected greater energy, feelings of confidence and control, and lesser social inhibition. Study II was consistent with Study I in that alpha density was related inversely to a projective measure of maladustment as well as measures of state and trait anxiety. The effects of visual stimulation on the size of the relationship between alpha and psychological trait measures suggested that this is a highly unstable relationship likely to appear only when experimental arrangements maximize the congruency betweey psychological states and traits. Finally, it was suggested that the application of a state-trait rationale to alpha phenomenon might be useful to organize the relationship between physiological and psychological variables and could serve as a starting point for conceptualizing the potential effects of biofeed-back applications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Eysenck's personality dimensions and sex steroids in male abstinent alcoholics and nonalcoholics: an exploratory study.

This study investigated the relationship between alcoholics' personality characteristics [as indexed by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)] and sex steroid levels. Three serum samples were drawn over a 90-min period in 58 inpatient male alcoholics (mean 33 days sober) and 33 non-alcoholic controls. The EPQ was administered at approximately the same point in the treatment process. Replicating previous work, we found alcoholics scored significantly higher on the Neuroticism and Psychoticism scales of the EPQ than controls. Alcoholics also had higher levels of estradiol and total testosterone than controls, which may be reflective of a biological rebound or characteristic premorbid levels. A significant positive correlation was found between testosterone and extroversion in controls, but not in alcoholics. Alcoholics showed a positive correlation between estradiol and neuroticism and a negative relationship between estradiol and extroversion. The results suggest that (a) 'normal' hormone-personality relationships are disrupted in male alcoholics, and b) personality and psychological changes consistent with the physical feminization syndrome may occur in male alcoholics.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Parental characteristics in relation to diagnosis and neurological status in childhood psychosis.

Twenty-six psychotic children were examined by means of psychological tests and EEGs. The parents of these patients were also tested with the EPI and the Grid Test of Thought Disorder. The mothers of children with the symptom of autism tended to have some cognitive disorganization, which was less common in the mothers of children without the symptom. The extraversion and neuroticism scores of all parents were not markedly different from population statistics. The incidence of EEG abnormality in the children was high and not related to diagnosis or other criteria. These findings are interpreted as providing suggestive evidence for a two-factor theory of childhood psychosis. It is postulated that a neurological disorder is a necessary condition for the development of such a disorder; and that a second process related to parental characteristics is also involved, which has the effect of determining the particular symptomatic manifestations seen in the psychotic child.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting aerobic versus resistance exercise using the theory of planned behavior.

OBJECTIVE: To test the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in aerobic versus resistance training in a prospective design. Relationships between TPB variables, extroversion, and perceived health were examined. METHODS: College students (210) completed an initial measurement and a 3-month follow-up assessment. Reasons for exercising were assessed. RESULTS: TPB variables, extroversion, and perceived health collectively accounted for substantial variance in aerobic (19%) and resistance exercise (40%). Reasons for exercise included physical, psychological, and social concerns. CONCLUSION: Differences in the predictive validity of model constructs suggest potential differential intervention foci for aerobic versus resistance exercise.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Experiences with psycho-vegetative tests in the study difficulties of student teachers].

A total of 125 student teachers, who at the time when these investigations were conducted were unable to work or study, respectively, were subjected to the ENR test of Brengelmann/Brengelmann and the VELA test of Fahrenberg. Fifty-six student teachers had to take their names off the books. Their failures were closely correlated with introversion, neuroticism, and vegetative lability. The latter may already be evident from the medical history of the subject and should be sufficient cause for psychological testing in case the student should encounter difficulties in his work. Rigidity is not yet fully developed in the age group to which students normally belong and shows no significant correlation with failure.

Extraversion, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Preliminary psychologic survey of orofacial outpatients. Part 1: Predictors of anxiety or depression.

AIMS: To identify predictors for anxiety and depression in orofacial outpatients and to investigate the patients' compliance rate in taking a series of psychologic tests. METHODS: Three thousand six hundred sixty-six patients completed a battery of questionnaires. These consisted of items inquiring about sex, age, past history of disease, presence of pain, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Short Form (S-EPQ), a Japanese dental version of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (JDMPQ), a visual analog scale (VAS) of pain, pain duration, and diagnosis. After univariate analyses had determined those variables with significant differences between an over-probable group (OPG, HADS scores > or = 8) and an absent group (AG, HADS scores < 8), we estimated the odds ratios of these variables for OPG as independent variables, and every variable was adjusted between the independent variables by multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS: For anxiety, 3 variables were independently related to the OPG and considered to be meaningful: age 30 or older, neuroticism score on the S-EPQ, and selection of the JDMPQ pain expression term "sickening." For depression, 4 variables were independently related to the OPG and considered to be meaningful: age 30 or older, neuroticism and extroversion scores on the S-EPQ, and selection of the JDMPQ pain expression term "sickening." The compliance rate for the tests was under half of the patients (3,666 of 7,542 patients). CONCLUSION: Although the predictability for anxiety or depression by some baseline parameters is considered to be low, age, personality traits, and choice of certain pain expression terms are useful predictors of anxiety or depression. The improvement of the compliance rate for psychologic screening will be a future challenge for Japanese clinics managing orofacial patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Psychological profile of patients with atopic dermatitis.

Tests designed to measure psychopathological characteristics common to the neurotic population were administered to patients with atopic dermatitis, patients with other dermatological disorders and to a control group of normal individuals. The parameters tested were manifest anxiety, neurosis, extroversion, depression, hypochondriasis and hysteria. The scores were statistically analyzed. The results showed that patients with atopic dermatitis responded significantly differently from patients with other dermatological diseases and from the control group in specific psychometric scales. Moreover, patients with skin conditions other than atopic dermatitis also responded significantly differently from the control group. The study clearly shows that patients with atopic dermatitis have a characteristic psychological profile not shared by the other two groups. The atopic dermatitis patients tend to be in a state of high manifest anxiety, depressed, neurotic and hypochondriac.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Irritable bowel syndrome: a test of the colonic hyperalgesia hypothesis.

This study tested the hypothesis that, patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), there is a primary hyperalgesia of the colon. Previous work, which examined these patients and normals, has not included subjects who provide a control for relevant psychological characteristics. We compared ratings of pain, following varying degrees of distension of the sigmoid colon, in normals, patients with IBS, and patients who were psychologically disturbed but without bowel symptoms. Psychological characteristics were assessed by a psychiatric interview and psychometric inventories; response to distension was tested by placing a tube in the rectosigmoid colon and successively inflating a nd deflating a balloon at its tip at 10 cm3 increments up to 50 cm3. Ratings of pain were recorded at each volume. The results indicated that the two patient groups were psychologically similar and both were more disturbed than normals. A linear relation was found between reports of pain and volume of distension in all three groups. There were no significant differences between the proportions of subjects experiencing pain in each group or the average of the ratings. There were no significant associations between the pain ratings and measures of anxiety, depression, neuroticism, and extraversion. The data do not support the hypothesis that colonic hyperalgesia is an important contributory factor in the etiology of the irritable bowel syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Psychosomatic aspects of patients with primary keratoconjunctivitis sicca].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the extent of psychosomatical complaints in patients with primary keratoconjunctivitis sicca (pKCS). METHODS: 20 patients (m:f = 1.19; mean age 49 +/- 7 years) with pKCS were rated according to the von Zerssen Symptom List (psychosomatical discomfort), the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI)-N (emotional status) and -E (extroverted-introverted) and to Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). 54 subjects (m:f = 35:17; mean age 46 +/- 17 years) without any ocular or general chronic disease were used as control group. RESULTS: In comparison to the control group the patients with pKCS showed significantly (p < 0.0001) more complaints (von Zerssen Symptom List), were more (p < 0.0001) emotionally unstable (MPI-N) and more (p < 0.0001) depressive (BDI). No group differences were found regarding extroversion-introversion (MPI-E). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that many patients with pKCS showed psychological problems and disturbances. We therefore recommend an additional psychological treatment (e.g. autogenic training) for these patients to stabilize their emotional condition, which may even have a positive effect on their dry eye problems.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Psychological types and learning styles of students entering medical school at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile].

BACKGROUND: Psychological type and learning style influence the way students perceive and process information. However, research in medical education in Chile still does not put enough emphasis in the study of these variables. AIM: To characterize the psychological types and learning styles of the students admitted to a Medical School. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the Kolb's Learning Styles Inventory (IEA) were administered to the 270 students admitted from 2000 to 2002 to the medical school of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. RESULTS: Fifty five percent of our students are concentrated in 4 of the 16 psychological types described. These students are characterized by the ability to base their decisions upon logical and objective reasoning (Thinking [T]) and to face life in a structured and decided way (Judging [J]). Only 10% of the students have preferences opposite to T and J. These students base their decisions on the preservation of harmony and teamwork (Feeling [F]) and have a flexible attitude towards life (Perceiving [P]). The remaining 35% have types with pairs of preferences TP and FJ. With regard to learning styles, more than two thirds of our students are Assimilators or Convergers. These learners tend to assimilate large amounts of information and abstract the main concepts, rather than to pay attention to concrete details. In general, our students are more reflective than active; they evaluate thoroughly all alternatives before making a decision. CONCLUSIONS: The psychological types and learning styles of medical students cluster around specific patterns whose features may either favor or hamper a specific learning. Knowledge of the differences in psychological types and learning styles of students may provide teachers with a new and valuable tool for improving learning and contributing to the academic success of students.

Adolescent↗