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PubMed2000

Essential fatty acids and their long-chain polyunsaturated metabolites in maternal and cord plasma triglycerides during late gestation.

The fatty acid composition of plasma lipids was determined in 41 pairs of mothers and their term infants at time of birth (38-42 postmenstrual weeks) by high-resolution capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids were found at smaller concentrations in cord than in maternal triglycerides, in contrast to strikingly higher proportions of their long-chain polyunsaturated metabolites (LC-PUFA), which indicates a preferential maternofetal transport for certain physiologically important LC-PUFA. While no significant gestational age-dependent changes occurred in maternal plasma triglycerides, the values for most of the fetal long-chain n-3 metabolites increased with the duration of gestation, possibly reflecting an increased transplacental fatty acid passage during late pregnancy or a maturation of desaturation in the fetal liver.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sites of conditional essential fatty acid deficiency in end stage liver disease.

BACKGROUND: End stage liver disease (ESLD) is a devastating illness. Its protean manifestations involve many different aspects of disturbed hepatic function. One consequence of ESLD is a decrease in plasma levels of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VL-PUFAs), particularly arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the former important for eicosanoid metabolism and the latter for retinal and brain membrane structure. The purpose of this study was to define the VL-PUFA changes in liver disease by comparing plasma and tissue levels of VL-PUFAs in controls to patients with ESLD. METHODS: Fatty acid profiles from plasma, red blood cell (RBC) membranes, muscle, liver, and fat tissue from ESLD patients undergoing liver transplants were measured and compared with control patients undergoing elective liver resection. RESULTS: Fatty acid profiles from plasma and RBC membranes showed significant decreases in AA and DHA levels in patients with ESLD compared with controls. However, there were no significant differences in tissue fatty acid composition between ESLD patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS: ESLD affects the liver's ability to maintain circulating levels of AA and DHA, and thereby presumably RBC membrane levels. However, solid tissues appear not to be affected by ESLD. Although the mechanism for these changes remains to be defined, it is consistent with hepatic impairment of elongation and desaturation to produce VL-PUFA for transport. The present results also suggest that dietary interventions to include preformed VL-PUFA rather than their precursors, linoleic and alpha linolenic acid, would be needed to normalize plasma VL-PUFA levels in patients with ESLD.

Arachidonic Acid↗
PubMed2001

Can manipulation of the ratios of essential fatty acids slow the rapid rate of postmenopausal bone loss?

The rapid rate of postmenopausal bone loss is mediated by the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Dietary supplementation with fish oil, flaxseeds, and flaxseed oil in animals and healthy humans significantly reduces cytokine production while concomitantly increasing calcium absorption, bone calcium, and bone density. Possibilities may exist for the therapeutic use of the omega-3 fatty acids, as supplements or in the diet, to blunt the increase of the inflammatory bone resorbing cytokines produced in the early postmenopausal years, in order to slow the rapid rate of postmenopausal bone loss. Evidence also points to the possible benefit of gamma-linolenic acid in preserving bone density.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Essential fatty acid deficiency and renewal of rod outer segments in the albino rat.

Biochemical studies in albino rats fed a lab chow diet (control) showed a 9 to 10 day turnover time for rhodopsin in rod photoreceptor membranes, whereas the turnover time in animals raised on a fat-free diet (experimental) was not easily measurable. The number of phagosomes in the pigment epithelium of the control group was three times that found in the experimetals. These studies support earlier autoradiographic data which suggested that the renewal of new photoreceptor discs in the rat retina is controlled by the availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Dietary essential fatty acid supply and visual acuity development.

The influence of dietary omega-3 fatty acid supply on visual acuity development was evaluated in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants using visual-evoked potential (VEP) and forced-choice preferential-looking (FPL) procedures at 36 and 57 wk postconception. The VLBW infants born at 27-33 wk postconception were randomized to one of three diet groups: corn oil, which provided solely linoleic acid; soy oil, which provided linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids; or soy/marine oil; which was similar to the soy oil formula but also provided preformed long chain omega-3 fatty acids. The VLBW infants in the soy/marine oil group had higher omega-3 levels in erythrocyte membranes and better VEP and FPL acuities at 36 and 57 wk than infants in the corn oil group. The soy oil group had intermediate omega-3 levels in erythrocyte membranes and significantly poorer VEP acuity at 57 wk compared with the soy/marine oil group. Only the soy/marine oil group had acuities comparable to the "gold standards" of VLBW infants fed human milk and preterm infants who were born and tested at 35-36 wk postconception. In addition, VEP and FPL acuity were poorer in a nonrandomized group of formula-fed full-term infants than in breast-fed full-term infants. The results suggest that dietary omega-3 fatty acid supply may play an important role in early human visual development.

Breast Feeding↗