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PubMed1999

Zhang Binglin and traditional Chinese medicine.

As an important thinker and scholar as well as a famous physician in modern Chinese history, Zhang Binglin extensively read medical books, ancient and modern, and absorbed modern western medical knowledge. He achieved great attainments in the studies on Shang han lun and in the confluence of Chinese and western medicine. His achievements include the "hypothesis of Shang han in a broad sense", "Conception of Six - channels - Six - Departments", questioning on spreading the shang han disease by channels, assessment of commentaries on shang han in successive ages, theory on "Triple - jiao - lymphatic system", "elimination of five - element theory" and discourse on damp - warmness diseases. As the "teacher of reform in modern TCM", Zhang's unique idea and achievements established his position in the history of modern Chinese medicine.

China↗
PubMed1998

[On constructing a theory (model) of the development of medical sciences in modern times].

Although at present it is impossible to construct a coherent and homogeneous theory (model) of medical sciences in modern times, attempts to look for regularities in the history of modern medicine should not be abandoned. The most reasonable way out of the impasse is to construct partial theories of scientific discovery that could be used in research on the evolution of medical sciences within certain chronological, territorial and substantive limits.

History, Modern 1601-↗
PubMed2004

In the shadows of medicine and modernity: medical integration and secular histories of religious healing in Turkey.

Building upon the World Health Organization's recent publication WHO Strategy for Traditional Medicine (WHO 2002), this paper examines the historical position of "traditional medicines" at their intersection with the development and modernization of a biomedically based health care system in Turkey. This paper considers how the historical development of Turkey's health care system, as a prominent site for the articulation of the state's broader modernization project, sustained particular formulations of subjectivity and citizenship that were defined in opposition to a set of cultural practices and modes of religious-political authority represented by "traditional medicines." Consequently, projects and policies seeking to formally integrate "complementary" or "alternative" therapies directly confront this past and the various ways in which it is reenacted in constituting the present.

Complementary Therapies↗
PubMed2002

The hidden truths of the belly: the uncertainties of pregnancy in early modern Europe. (Society for the Social History of Medicine Student Prize Essay 1999, runner-up.).

For early modern men and women and their medical practitioners, the experience and understanding of pregnancy was primarily uncertain. This uncertainty extended to the whole process of pregnancy--from the moment of conception to delivery, the detection and bearing of a 'true fruit' was doubtful. This 'uncertainty' was heightened by the fact that both body and language could conceal the truth. The woman herself was frequently uncertain and could be mistaken in her interpretation of the condition of her belly. This ambiguity is expressed in the vague and faltering language used to describe such experiences. Women's bodies were believed to conceal the truth more readily than their male counterparts. Equally a woman's physical narrative was more likely to be distrusted. Tensions surrounding the appropriate nature of women's 'knowledge' of such hidden 'secrets' also affected the ways in which women and their practitioners described the 'truths' of the belly. This article traces the ambiguities faced by women and their midwives/accoucheurs through three areas of pregnancy: quickening, false conceptions, and the threat of miscarriage. The much-neglected source of medical texts and observations is drawn upon, alongside letters and diaries and judicial material.

Diagnosis↗