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Results for “Health Behavior”

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PubMed1989

The Krantz Health Opinion Survey: correlations with preventive health behaviors and intentions.

The Krantz Health Opinion Survey, a measure of treatment preferences, was administered to 124 college women who also completed the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale and rated their own preventive health behaviors and intentions. Analysis confirmed previous findings of relations between the two scales, particularly the moderate negative correlation between the Krantz Behavioral Involvement Scale and Powerful Others Locus of Control. The Krantz scores also were correlated with demographic measures such as education and occupation of the head of the household. With the exception of low correlations with frequency of obtaining Pap tests and with intentions to engage in exercise, the Krantz scores were uncorrelated with preventive health behaviors and intentions. It may be that another variable such as health value moderates these associations.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Structural equation model for the health behaviors of university students in Korea].

PURPOSE: A structural equation model was analysed to explore the determinants of health behaviors of university students in Korea. METHOD: Nine hundred sixty nine university students were selected by random cluster sampling from five universities located in the central area of Korea. DATA COLLECTION: The data was collected by questionnaires about demographic characteristics, stressful life events, perceived social support, perceived health status and health behaviors. RESULTS: 1. Gender showed indirect effect on health behaviors. 2. Living together with(out) family had a direct effect on health behaviors: students living with family showed more positive health behaviors. 3. Stressful life events had an indirect effect on health behaviors via perceived health status; a higher score of stressful life events was the predictor for negative health behaviors. 4. A higher score of perceived health status predicted positive health behaviors. RECOMMENDATION: Each university should be encouraged to develop a health behavior control program and health promotion program for their own university students. It would be more effective to develop health programs separately according to the demographic or social characteristics of the students. It is also necessary for the Ministry of Education to reform the School Health Act and school health policy to strengthen a health promotion program for university students. In conclusion, following studies should identify and promote the validity and reliability of perceived health status and health behaviors measurements.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Health behavior changes in the United States, the United Kingdom, and France.

OBJECTIVE: To determine changes in health behaviors in the United States, the United Kingdom, and France over the previous two years. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of nationally representative samples. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Surveys conducted between June and November 1988 on persons aged 16 to 50 years in the United States (n = 1,940), the United Kingdom (n = 1,833), and France (n = 2,294) regarding health behaviors, attitudes toward health, and changes in health practices during the previous two years. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Using Bonferroni's adjustment for multiple comparisons, residents of the United States had significantly (p < 0.05) higher Quetelet indices and reported higher egg and red meat consumption, but had lower alcohol consumption, than did residents of either the United Kingdom or France. Americans were also significantly more likely to report attitudes accepting personal responsibility for their health and much more often endorsed the role of health behaviors (e.g., exercise) for decreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Changes in health behavior over two years were consistently more likely in the United States for weight loss, decreased alcohol consumption, decreased red meat and egg consumption, and increased exercise. Americans were also much more likely to have changed at least three health behaviors in the previous two years (United States 41.5%, United Kingdom 25.5%, France 13.8%, p < 0.002). A multivariate linear model confirmed the high likelihood of health behavior changes in the United States compared with the United Kingdom or France. CONCLUSIONS: The findings confirm that changes in health behaviors are continuing to occur in the United States, but remain comparatively modest in the United Kingdom and France. These international variations in health behaviors parallel differential declines in mortality rates in ischemic heart disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Reliability of retrospective self-reports of sexual and nonsexual health behaviors among women.

The accuracy of self-reports regarding sexual health behavior has been questioned. To investigate whether sexual health behaviors are uniquely difficult to report, we asked 185 college women to answer behavioral frequency questions about sexual and nonsexual health behaviors for an 8-week interval. Women either took part in a face-to-face interview or completed a self-administered questionnaire. One week later, the women returned and responded to the same questions in the same mode of assessment conditions. The test-retest intraclass correlations showed that all health behaviors, sexual and nonsexual, were reported reliably. There was a trend for lower-frequency reports to yield more-stable estimates of behavioral frequency. These findings converge with other methodological investigations to indicate that socially sensitive health behaviors are not more difficult to assess reliably.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The economics of managed care in behavioral health. Basic concepts and incentives.

Psychiatrists and other behavioral health clinicians must accept managed care philosophy because it is not going to disappear. A keen understanding of the specific issues that are pertinent to the managed care contracts that are signed is important if the clinician is to serve as an effective advocate for his or her patients on a case by case basis. Managed care in behavioral health services is now preparing to enter a new phase in development in which there will be reduced competition amongst the BHMCOs because the number of managed care organizations are decreasing with mergers and acquisitions. These adjustments in the market will leave the clinician and the provider organization potentially less able to make changes in their own delivery systems unless the discussions and strategies for change are structured in such a way that the incentives for all involved parties are aligned. Stakeholders in the process of managing care for behavioral health will need to come together to educate all parties about the value of necessary behavioral health treatment at the point of need. Appropriate access to all necessary behavioral health services could create additional short-term costs, but with reasonable management of the services, these costs could be kept in line.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed2006

Neurocognitive influences on health behavior in a community sample.

CONTEXT: Dominant models of individual health behavior omit biological variables entirely and are composed almost exclusively of social-cognitive and conative variables. Research from the neurosciences suggests a role for brain function in explaining behaviors that require active self-regulation for consistent performance. However, the association between brain function and health behavior is underexplored. OBJECTIVE: To examine the predictive power of executive function for 2 health risk behaviors and 2 health protective behaviors in healthy adults. DESIGN: A cross-sectional community sample (N = 216) of adults 20-100 years of age were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests and completed self-report questionnaires regarding their health practices. It was hypothesized that poor performance on neuropsychological tests tapping executive function would be associated with poor health behavior tendencies. RESULTS: Errors on the Stroop task were positively associated with health risk behavior and negatively associated with health protective behavior after controlling for demographics, education, and IQ. CONCLUSION: Executive function is associated with health behavior tendencies. If the association is causal, explanatory models of individual health behavior should be revised to account for individual differences in biologically imbued self-regulatory abilities.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[The factors influencing Korean health behavior].

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the factors influencing health behavior. METHOD: Data used in this study was drawn from a 2001 National Health survey done by Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. Number of samples were 5,085 people between age 20 years and 69 years in whole country. In this study, we modified Green and Kreuter's Precede-Proceed model to analyse influence of factors in health behavior. Hierarchical regression were used in the analysis. RESULT: 1) Factors that had statistically significant positive relation with overall health behavior were age, educational level, income level, disease in the family, medical examination, subjective weight, and concern about health, 2) Factors that had statistically significant negative relation with overall health behavior were sex, subjective health, stress, and degree of physical activity. CONCLUSION: 1) It would be necessary to set the target group for the health promotion in advance. 2) It was very important to adopt easy and efficient methods to change the health behavior of target group, for example, ability to control stress.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Adaptive health behaviors among ethnic minorities.

Race, ethnicity, and cultural attitudes and practices are among the variables that influence health behaviors, including adaptive health behaviors. The following discussions highlight the important role of social conditions in shaping health behaviors and the central role of family in promoting health across the Asian, Hispanic, Native American, and African American ethnic groups. Factors that may lead to health-damaging behaviors are also discussed. The need for additional research that identifies correlations among physiological, social, and behavioral factors and health behaviors, as well as underlying mechanisms, is called for.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

The role of private-for-profit managed behavioral health in the public sector.

Managed behavioral health, once largely confined to private sector employees, has been growing rapidly in the public sector. Throughout the country, behavioral health services, particularly for Medicaid enrollees, are coming under the management of private-for-profit firms. The authors discuss these developments, and the controversies that have come about as a result. Several public/private models of managed behavioral health services are identified.

California↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Foundations of health behavior research revisited.

This paper revisits the issue of assumptions behind the field of health behavior research. The understanding of constituents of health behaviors and what constitutes health, reasons for placing a value on health, the utility of health behavior research, and the role of the health behavior researcher are reviewed. Conscientiousness and dialectic theory are employed as concepts to provide one potential conceptual solution to participation in self-destructive behaviors.

Behavioral Research↗

PubMed2002

Student voices: perspectives on behavioral health education.

The Annapolis Conference on Behavioral Health Workforce Education and Training was convened in September 2001 to address the relevance and quality of efforts to educate those who provide mental health and addiction services. It was essential that students, as the consumers of educational programs, be represented in the dialogue. Four students and one recent graduate joined a diverse group in Annapolis, which included professionals, administrators, educators, consumers of behavioral health services, and family members. The students who attended were drawn from the professions of psychiatry, psychology, social work, and nursing. In a series of personal narratives, these individuals present their views on the conference, on education and training, and on the behavioral health field in general.

Behavioral Sciences↗

PubMed1984

Health behaviors of psychotherapists.

Examined the health behaviors practiced by psychotherapists (N = 86) themselves and the extent to which they focus on these behaviors with their clients during the course of psychotherapy. The specific health behaviors investigated were dietary habits, physical exercise, relaxation practices, sleeping, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Results indicate that psychotherapists are at this time actively engaged in both evaluating and making recommendations to their clients in the areas of diet, physical exercise, and relaxation practice. In addition, 51% of those who participated in this study evaluate health practices of their clients and make recommendations with regard to their physical health. While only 47% agreed that it is important for the psychotherapist to assess the typical client's physical health status, 72% of this group frequently inquire about chronic illness during an intake session.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescent health behaviors and related factors: a review.

This review examined research relevant to adolescent health behavior in order to identify key behaviors and factors related to behaviors for targeting health-promoting interventions. The 34 studies reviewed sampled mainly Caucasian subjects ranging in age from 12 to 24 years. The majority of the studies were descriptive and cross-sectional, and they dealt with a specific health behavior or group of behaviors such as eating, sleeping, and exercise. Primary factors related to health behavior included gender, family structure, ethnicity, knowledge, and attitudes. Increased knowledge of factors that impact adolescent health behaviors is essential so that public health nurses (PHNs) and other health professionals can be more responsive to developmental and lifestyle factors influencing the health of youth within families and communities.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Diagnosis and treatment of behavioral health disorders in pediatric practice.

OBJECTIVE: There has been a strong push toward the recognition and treatment of children with behavioral health problems by primary care pediatricians. This study was designed to assess the extent to which a sample of primary care pediatricians diagnose and treat behavioral health problems and to identify factors that may contribute to their behavioral health practice. METHODS: A standard interview was conducted with 47 pediatricians who work in primary care settings in a predominantly urban setting in North Carolina. Pediatricians' responses to questions about the estimated percentage of children in their practice with a behavioral health disorder, tools used to make diagnoses, frequent and infrequent diagnoses made, comfort level with making a diagnosis, reasons for not making a diagnosis, use of psychotropic medications, types of nonmedication interventions provided, educational background, and needs involving behavioral health issues were evaluated. RESULTS: Pediatricians estimated that the average percentage of children in their practices with a behavioral health disorder was 15%. The study did not find significant differences in perceptions related to time in practice or gender of the pediatric provider. The most frequent behavioral health diagnosis was attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and the majority incorporated behavioral questionnaires, expressed a high level of comfort with the diagnosis, and frequently or occasionally prescribed stimulants. Variability was noted in both practice and comfort for other behavioral health disorders. Slightly fewer than half of the pediatricians frequently diagnosed anxiety and depression. Those who make these diagnoses commonly incorporated questionnaires and reported frequent or occasional use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Comfort in making the diagnosis of anxiety was highly associated with use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The vast majority (96%) of pediatricians provided nonmedication interventions, including supportive counseling, education for coping with ADHD, behavior modification, and/or stress management. Diagnosis and treatment of severe behavioral health disorders were infrequent throughout the pediatric practices. Areas of greatest educational interest included psychopharmacology, diagnosis and treatment of depression and anxiety, and updates on ADHD. The majority of pediatric providers did not identify a need for education about several high-prevalence disorders that they do not frequently diagnose or treat, including conduct disorder and substance abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatricians in this sample frequently diagnosed and treated ADHD. For all other behavioral health disorders, pediatricians reported variability in both comfort and practice. They frequently provided both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments for children and adolescents with mild to moderate behavioral health disorders but not for severe disorders. Although they identified needs for additional education for anxiety and depression, the majority did not identify educational needs for several high-prevalence behavioral health disorders, including conduct disorder and substance abuse.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2007

Managed behavioral health care carve-outs: past performance and future prospects.

As the managed behavioral health care market has matured, behavioral health carve-outs have solved many problems facing the delivery of behavioral health services; at the same time, they have exacerbated existing difficulties or created new problems. Carve-outs developed to address rising inpatient behavioral health costs and limited insurance coverage. They are based on the economic principles of economies of specialization, economies of scale, price negotiation, and selection. Literature shows that carve-outs have been successful in lowering costs and maintaining or improving access, but results on their impact on quality of care are mixed. In recent years, carve-outs have evolved to take on new roles within the health system, such as coordinating mental and physical health, addressing fragmented public financing systems, and using market power to implement quality improvement. Although not perfect, carve-outs have been instrumental in addressing long-standing challenges in utilization, access, and cost of behavioral health care.

Behavioral Medicine↗

PubMed1999

Health behaviors, social networks, and healthy aging: cross-sectional evidence from the Nurses' Health Study.

Physical function is a significant component of health-related quality of life among older adults. Potential correlates of healthy aging, including health behaviors and social network characteristics, were examined among 56,436 US women aged 55-72 in 1992. Healthy aging was assessed by maintenance of physical function measured by four subscales of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF)-36 Health Survey: physical functioning; role limitations; freedom from bodily pain; and vitality. Individual health behaviors, defined as current smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary behavior, and being overweight each contributed to significant decrements in functioning across all age-groups. After controlling for these health behaviors and other confounders (age, race, education, and co-morbid conditions), elements of a woman's social network were significantly correlated with functional status. Strong predictors of high functioning among older women were having close friends and relatives and presence of a confidant. For example, the absence of a confidant was associated with a 4.44 point reduction in physical functioning (95% CI: -7.0, -1.9), and a 5.68 point reduction in vitality (95% CI: -7.9, -3.4). These effects were comparable in magnitude to those observed among heavy smokers, or women in the highest category of body mass index.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between the stages of exercise adoption and other health behaviors.

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between stage of exercise adoption and the practice of other health behaviors. DESIGN: Demographic, socioeconomic, and health behavior data were collected using a cross-sectional mail survey. Data were collected as part of a larger employee benefits research study. SETTING: Montana State University-Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana. SUBJECTS: University employees (n = 1269) comprised of 46% men with a mean age of 44 years. MEASURES: Demographic and socioeconomic data included age, sex, marital status, level of income and education, dependent status, and job classification. Stage of exercise adoption classifications were based on self-reported responses to four exercise statements. The health behaviors included in this study were cigarette and smokeless tobacco use, seat belt use, alcohol use, and use of stress management practices. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine if stage of exercise predicted the presence of each of the health behaviors while controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and other health behavior variables. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 68%. Respondents in action exercise stage (p = .0367) were less likely to smoke cigarettes than respondents in precontemplation stage of exercise. Respondents in contemplation (p = .0419), preparation (p = .0060), action (p = .0432), and maintenance (p = .0006) were more likely to use seat belts than respondents in precontemplation. Respondents in maintenance (p = .0059) were more likely to use regular stress reduction techniques than respondents in precontemplation. CONCLUSIONS: Although longitudinal research is needed to determine any causal relationships, this research suggests that encouraging individuals to become more involved in exercise could indirectly influence other health behaviors. Hence, exercise could be a possible "gateway" behavior toward healthier lifestyle practices.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Review of computer-generated outpatient health behavior interventions: clinical encounters "in absentia".

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate evidence of the effectiveness of computer-generated health behavior interventions-clinical encounters "in absentia"-as extensions of face-to-face patient care in an ambulatory setting. DATA SOURCES: Systematic electronic database and manual searches of multiple sources (1996-1999) plus search for gray literature were conducted to identify clinical trials using computer-generated health behavior interventions to motivate individuals to adopt treatment regimens, focusing on patient-interactive interventions and use of health behavior models. STUDY SELECTION: Eligibility criteria included randomized controlled studies with some evidence of instrument reliability and validity; use of at least one patient-interactive targeted or tailored feedback, reminder, or educational intervention intended to influence or improve a stated health behavior; and an association between one intervention variable and a health behavior. DATA EXTRACTION: Studies were described by delivery device (print, automated telephone, computer, and mobile communication) and intervention type (personalized, targeted, and tailored). We employed qualitative methods to analyze the retrieval set and explore the issue of patient interactive computer-generated behavioral intervention systems. DATA SYNTHESIS: Studies varied widely in methodology, quality, subject number, and characteristics, measurement of effects and health behavior focus. Of 37 eligible trials, 34 (91.9 percent) reported either statistically significant or improved outcomes. Fourteen studies used targeted interventions; 23 used tailored. Of the 14 targeted intervention studies, 13 (92.9 percent) reported improved outcomes. Of the 23 tailored intervention studies, 21 (91.3 percent) reported improved outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The literature indicates that computer-generated health behavior interventions are effective. While there is evidence that tailored interventions can more positively affect health behavior change than can targeted, personalized or generic interventions, there is little research comparing different tailoring protocols with one another. Only those studies using print and telephone devices reported a theoretic basis for their methodology. Future studies need to identify which models are best suited to which health behavior, whether certain delivery devices are more appropriate for different health behaviors, and how ambulatory care can benefit from patients' use of portable devices.

Ambulatory Care↗