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Results for “Hypersensitivity, Delayed”

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PubMed1983

Delayed hypersensitivity to tetanus toxoid in man: in vivo and in vitro studies.

The frequency of positive delayed hypersensitivity skin test reactions to tetanus toxoid in 47 healthy volunteers was 80%. The frequency of immediate hypersensitivity was low (8%) and there was less discomfort than with streptokinase or PPD. There was good correlation between leukocyte migration inhibition and delayed hypersensitivity skin testing, and a quantitative relationship was demonstrated between diameter of cutaneous reaction and degree of leukocyte migration inhibition. No relationship was demonstrated between any measures of immune responsiveness and the interval from the last booster immunization. It was concluded that tetanus toxoid is a valuable antigen for assessment of delayed hypersensitivity in man.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Desensitization: effects on cutaneous and peritoneal manifestations of delayed hypersensitivity in relation to lymphokine production.

Guinea pigs exhibiting delayed hypersensitivity may be desensitized by a single large dose of antigen administered intramuscularly. In the present experiments, desensitization with a soluble protein such as egg albumin (EA) or bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) was nonspecific in that they suppressed both cutaneous reactivity and the macrophage disappearance reaction (MDR) to unrelated antigen in doubly immunized animals. In contrast, myobacterial antigen, at the dose studied, showed limited specificity in that it could suppress the MDR but not a skin test to an unrelated antigen. Induction of an MDR was shown to be associated with the appearance of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and chemotactic activity in the peritoneal exudate fluid. Pretreatment with desensitizing doses of mycobacteria prevented the EA-induced appearance of MIF in the peritoneal fluids. In contrast, chemotactic activity could still be recovered, even though the MDR was suppressed. Mycobacteria functioned as a specific desensitizer not only with respect to cutaneous reactivity, as stated above, but also with respect to the production of chemotatic factor by peritoneal exudate cells. In contrast, mycobacteria functioned as a nonspecific desensitizer with respect to both the MDR and MIF production. These results suggest that the MDR may be an in vivo manifestation of MIF activity, whereas the cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reaction may be more dependent upon chemotactic activity. These observations reported here, taken in conjunction with previously described in vitro studies, suggest that desensitization is a complex phenomenon which may be the result of several different mechanisms acting separately or in concert. The apparent discrepancies in the literature as to whether or not desensitization is a specific process would appear to arise from differences in the experimental model and the particular antigen used.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Booster effect in delayed hypersensitivity skin testing.

After a pilot study had suggested that a drug augmented delayed hypersensitivity, we conducted a control study in which 19 normal volunteers had the same skin test battery applied as in the pilot study, on two occasions one month apart with no intervening treatment. No change was observed in delayed hypersensitivity response to PPD, Candida, or tetanus antigens. However, a significant decrease in response to mumps antigen was observed, and there was a marked "booster" or augmented response to SKSD antigen. These observations have implications for studies of immunomodulation and the mechanism of action of delayed hypersensitivity response.

Antigens↗

PubMed1978

C-reactive protein and delayed hypersensitivity in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

In patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), the delayed hypersensitivity found when skin-testing with a panel of memory antigens appeared to be reduced. Since C-reactive protein (CRP) has recently been shown to inhibit various parameters of cellular immunity in vitro, we tested the concentration of CRP in serum from 44 patients with JRA who had previously been tested for delayed hypersensitivity. The mean concentration of CRP in the patients was 32.2mg/l, while in age-and sex-matched controls it was less than 5 mg/l. By scatter diagrams and statistical analysis no association was found between the concentration of CRP and various expressions of delayed hypersensitivity in vivo.

Antigens↗

PubMed1998

Delayed hypersensitivity to aminopenicillins is related to major histocompatibility complex genes.

BACKGROUND: Although in some cases delayed hypersensitivity may be observed, beta-lactam antibiotics frequently induce immediate allergic IgE-mediated reactions with the specificity localized in the acyl-side chain structure. Generally, delayed immunologic reactions are related to sensitized T lymphocytes and major histocompatibility complex restricted. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of HLA class I and II antigens in patients with delayed hypersensitivity to aminopenicillins in order to evaluate a relationship between major histocompatibility complex immune response genes and aminopenicillins hypersensitivity. METHODS: We assessed 24 patients with history of delayed hypersensitivity to aminopenicillins using (1) skin test with penicilloyl polylysine, minor determinant mixture, benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin; (2) patch tests with benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin; (3) RAST for penicilloyls G and V; and (4) oral challenges with amoxicillin, ampicillin, and penicillin V in 18/24 patients. All patients were typed by microlymphotoxicity standard test for HLA class I and II antigens. Statistical analysis by chi2 test 2 x 2 contingency tables, according to Svejgaard, were used for comparison between patients and random Italian population (522 subjects). RESULTS: In the patients group we found higher prevalence of HLA A2 (12/24 = 50%, RR = 6.76 P < .001, EF = 0.425), DRw52 (20/24 = 83.3%, RR = 9.28, P < .001, EF = 0.74), and lower frequency of DR4 (3/24 = 12% ns). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the immune mechanisms involved in adverse reactions to aminopenicillins in vivo are related to genetic markers of immune response and confirms that the presentation of penicillin-hapten determinants to lymphocyte is major histocompatibility complex restricted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Eosinophilia. V. Delayed hypersensitivity, blood and bone marrow eosinophilia, induced in normal guinea-pigs by adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from syngeneic donors.

Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) induced delayed hypersensitivity but no eosinophilia in guinea-pigs from two colonies. Citraconic anhydride (CA) induced delayed hypersensitivity and eosinophilia of the blood and bone marrow, and sites of skin tests were also infiltrated by eosinophils. In adoptive transfer of lymphocytes separated from peritoneal exudate cells of strain XIII-sensitized donors, lymphocytes from DNCB-sensitized guinea-pigs transferred antigen-specific delayed hypersensitivity; lymphocytes from CA-sensitized guinea-pigs transferred delayed hypersensitivity, and induced eosinophilia of the blood and bone marrow of the recipients. Treatment of the lymphocytes before transfer with antilymphocyte (thymocyte) globulin or puromycin suppressed the manifestations in the recipients; normal globulin did not. Active sensitization with DNCB induced formation of small amounts, and with CA larger amounts of anaphylactic antibody. Sera from the actively sensitized animals elicited no significant eosinophilia of blood or bone marrow in one group of recipients. Passive anaphylaxis elicited a transient eosinophilia of the blood, but not of the bone marrow. It is postulated that T-helper cells interact with B-lymphocyte precursors, particularly IgE B cells, to stimulate eosinopoeisis. This results in a reserve of mature eosinophils that may be released in any subsequent anaphylactic event.

Anaphylaxis↗

PubMed1981

A functional relationship between delayed hypersensitivity and antibacterial immunity.

The injection of living Listeria Monocytogenes into the site of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction in the footpads of mice resulted in inactivation of the organism. No such inactivation occurred when L. monocytogenes was injected into normal footpads. A correlation was observed between the magnitude of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction and the level of antibacterial resistance expressed within the delayed hypersensitivity site.

Animals↗

PubMed1974

Passive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity to Blastomyces dermatitidis between mice.

This study further characterized the delayed hypersensitivity state induced in animals by Blastomyces dermatitidis exposure. Passive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity by transfer of cells and inhibition of migration of peritoneal exudate cells were studied, using sensitized mice of two inbred strains. Donor mice were subcutaneously inoculated with viable B. dermatitidis yeast cells. After 15 days, spleen cells or serum from these animals were injected intravenously into normal recipients of the same strain. After 24 h these mice were footpad tested with killed B. dermatitidis yeast cell antigen. Mice receiving spleen cells from sensitized animals had a significant increase in footpad thickness 24 to 48 h after testing. Those receiving only serum remained negative. Migration of peritoneal exudate cells from blastomyces-sensitive donor mice was inhibited by presence of blastomycin but not by mycobacterial antigen. Neither blastomyces-sensitive nor control animals reacted to footpad or migration inhibition testing with mycobacterial antigen.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

[Delayed hypersensitivity to evoked antigens: normal values in Chilean young adults].

Delayed hypersensitivity skin test are widely accepted as in vivo measure of cellular immunity. Since genetic and environmental factors may affect these tests, each population must establish its own normal values. The aim of this work was to study delayed hypersensitivity in Chilean normal young adults. We studied the response to eight antigens using the Multitest CMI (Rhodia Merieux) in 50 students (22 females, 28 males), aged 18 to 25 years old. Skin tests were read at 24, 48 and 72 hours. At 48 Hours, 60% of women responded to 3 and 68% of men to 4 antigens. A mean response to 3.6 antigens was observed. Total score in men and women were 19.5 +/- 7.3 and 12.2 +/- 6.5 mm respectively (p < 0.05). These figures are different from those published abroad and confirm the need for national standards.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Delayed hypersensitivity to a corticosteroid suspension containing methylprednisolone. Two cases of conjunctival inflammation after retrobulbar injection.

Two patients with chronic iridocyclitis had a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, characterized by severe conjunctival inflammation, after retrobulbar injections with a commercial suspension of methylprednisolone acetate. Although patch test reactions to methylprednisolone at enhanced concentrations were negative, delayed hypersensitivity could be easily demonstrated by intradermal testing with this corticosteroid. Both patients also had concomitant delayed hypersensitivity to a proprietary preservative (myristyl gamma-picolinium chloride) in the commercial corticosteroid suspension, which was confirmed by intradermal testing. These observations (negative patch test reactions, positive intradermal test reactions) suggest that the route of administration may be an important determinant of antigenic hapten-protein complex formation and subsequent delayed hypersensitivity responses involving cutaneous or mucocutaneous tissue.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Effect of BCG (Tice strain) on primary sensitization to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene and on established delayed hypersensitivity in human malignant melanoma.

Studies of primary sensitization and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to 2,4-dintrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and recall antigens were conducted in 71 patients with melanoma who were receiving BCG (Tice strain) immunotherapy by scarification. Similar studies were conducted in 32 control patients with melanoma who did not receive BCG. No significant differences were observed, in the various clinical stages, between patients receiving and those not receiving BCG, in terms of the frequency or intensity of primary sensitization to DNCB. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in delayed hypersensitivity to recall antigens between these groups of patients. The apparent discrepancy between the clinical benefit from BCG immunotherapy and its failure to stimulate certain parameters of cellular immunity in patients with melanoma is discussed.

Antigens↗

PubMed1985

[Correlation between anti-tumor effect and delayed hypersensitivity induced by topically applied OK-432 with histological findings].

Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) against OK-432 was induced in BALB/c mice by injecting 2 KE of OK-432 with Freund's incomplete adjuvant into foot pads. One week after presensitization with OK-432, 2 X 10(5) cells of Meth A tumor were implanted subcutaneously in all mice, followed by intratumoral injection of 1 KE of OK-432 five times every other day starting at 7th day in experimental group. Tumor growth was significantly inhibited in the OK-432 presensitized group comparing to non-sensitized group. In experimental groups marked inhibition was observed in mice which were injected with OK-432 intratumorally 2 to 3 weeks after presensitization. This effect correlated well with delayed hypersensitivity against OK-432. Histological changes after intratumoral injection of OK-432 were examined in order to analyse the mechanism of this effect. The main finding of OK-432 injected specimen by H.E. staining were degeneration of tumor cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells. These changes were stronger in OK-432 presensitized mice. By beta-D-galactosidase staining accumulation of macrophages was found both inside the tumor and the surrounding tissue, and these macrophages increased in OK-432 presensitized mice. Immunoperoxidase staining with antiasialo GM1 anti-serum was also performed. Greater number of activate macrophages were observed to accumulate in the specimen of OK-432 presensitized mice than that of control mice. Some T cells were observed only around tumor tissues and not in the tumor of both presensitized and unsensitized mice. These results suggest that the activated macrophages play a major role in the augmentation of antitumor effect by presensitization with OK-432.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Delayed hypersensitivity to soluble antigens in mice. II. Analysis in vitro.

Delayed hypersensitivity to a soluble protein has been analyzed in vitro with lymph node cells from mice. Antigen-dependent cytotoxicity against innocent bystander cells, and incorporation of tritiated thymidine have been used to monitor the response to a subcutaneous tail injection of egg albumin (OVA) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Sensitized lymph node cells from mice with positive 24 h ear tests killed A9 cells in the presence of antigen. This antigen-specific, T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was observed within 4 days of sensitization and still apparent at 7 months. Reactivity to OVA, assessed as an increase in DNA synthesis in the presence of antigen, was also T cell dependent and exhibited similar sensitization kinetics and dose requirements. Both microtechniques require as few as 10(5) lymphocytes and are readily adaptable to the study of delayed hypersensitivity to any soluble protein in mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

A comparison of the hematogenous cell infiltrate evoked by lymphokine injection with that of delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

Lymphokine preparations of high potency obtained by in vitro assay were employed in vivo to determine whether they could produce inflammatory responses showing a cellular infiltrate that qualitatively or quantitatively resembled responses of delayed hypersensitivity. Hematogenous cell infiltrates in guinea pig skin were characterized in terms of the number and types of participating cells following intradermal injection of either lymphokines or an antigen (PPD) to which the animals exhibited delayed hypersensitivity. The dose of lymphokine or PPD per skin test site was selected on the basis of comparable ability to enhance vascular permeability. Delayed hypersensitivity responses showed, as expected, a persistent mononuclear cell exudate both in dermis and subcutis, but most notable in the dermis, during the 24 hours following antigen injection. In contrast, the response to lymphokine over the same period was characteristically neutrophilic and principally in the subcutis. There was no pronounced mononuclear cell infiltrate at any time throughout the reaction to lymphokine. It is concluded that preformed lymphokine produces a pattern of increased vascular permeability appropriate to a mediator of delayed hypersensitivity reactions, provided there is sustained secretion of this material. The ability of lymphokine to cause carbon labeling of dermal capillaries is also pertinent to a mediator of delayed hypersensitivity. The absence of significant mononuclear cell accumulation suggests that the in vitro chemotactic activity of lymphokine toward mononuclear cells may be more important for retention of mononuclear cells in the extravascular connective tissue space than for their selective accumulation.

Animals↗

PubMed1967

A study of the passive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity to DNP-poly-L-lysine and DNP-GL in responder and nonresponder guinea pigs.

A study of the passive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity to DNP-poly-L-lysine and to DNP-GL was performed in Hartley guinea pigs. Delayed hypersensitivity to DNP-PLL and DNP-GL could be transferred successfully only by means of sensitized cells from genetic responder guinea pigs and in most cases, only into those guinea pigs genetically capable of responding to PLL. The inability to transfer delayed hypersensitivity to DNP-PLL or DNP-GL to genetic nonresponder guinea pigs is not the result of the early destruction of the transferred cells by an incompatible host, since it was shown that delayed hypersensitivity to ovalbumin could be successfully transferred from guinea pigs with the PLL gene into genetic nonresponder animals. The requirement of active participation of specific and genetically controlled host mechanisms in the successful passive transfer of delayed sensitivity to DNP-PLL and DNP-GL has been demonstrated.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Ocular delayed hypersensitivity: a pathogenetic mechanism of chlamydial-conjunctivitis in guinea pigs.

We used a naturally occurring, Chlamydia psittaci-caused eye disease in guinea pigs, guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis, as an animal model to understand both the immune response and the pathogenesis of chlamydial eye infections. When instilled into the conjunctival sac of guinea pigs that had been previously infected and were immune, viable chlamydiae or a Triton X-100-soluble extract of them produced a short-lived (12-48 hr) eye disease indistinguishable clinically and histologically from that observed during primary chlamydial eye infection. The clinical and histologic findings were consistent with those of ocular delayed hypersensitivity. Ocular delayed hypersensitivity was induced by primary chlamydial infection at mucosal sites other than conjunctival, such as vaginal and intestinal. Preliminary characterization of the hypersensitivity allergen shows that it is heat sensitive and common to the genus Chlamydia. The allergen is apparently not surface-exposed on chlamydiae and requires viable but not replicating organisms for activity. Our observation should be useful in understanding pathogenetic mechanisms of Chlamydia trachomatis-caused infections in humans, in particular those that produce chronic inflammatory diseases, such as blinding trachoma and urogenital diseases.

Animals↗

PubMed1967

Cytotoxic effect of lymphocyte-antigen interaction in delayed hypersensitivity.

Lymph node cells from inbred rats having delayed sensitivity to soluble proteins inhibit growth of syngeneic or allogeneic fibroblasts in the presence of specific antigen. A relation is suggested between this in vitro phenomenon and other systems believed to be specific manifestations of delayed hypersensitivity.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Factors of delayed hypersensitity in pulmonary tuberculosis.

In a study of delayed hypersensitivity in 54 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who were on specific treatment, 33 patients could not be sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) although 25 of these were tuberculin (PPD) positive. The majority of the patients also had positive skin reactions to another recall antigen, streptokinase-streptodornase. To exclude a drug effect on DNCB reactivity, 40 untreated patients were studied. Twenty-six (65 per cent) of these did not show DNCB reactivity. The cause for nonsensitization to DNCB was not clear. There was no abnormality in the number of T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of 28 patients.

Adolescent↗