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Results for “Immunization, Passive”

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PubMed2005

Passive immunization during pregnancy for congenital cytomegalovirus infection.

BACKGROUND: Currently, there is no effective intervention for a primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection during pregnancy. METHODS: We studied pregnant women with a primary CMV infection. The therapy group comprised women whose amniotic fluid contained either CMV or CMV DNA and who were offered intravenous CMV hyperimmune globulin at a dose of 200 U per kilogram of maternal weight. A prevention group, consisting of women with a recent primary infection before 21 weeks' gestation or who declined amniocentesis, was offered monthly hyperimmune globulin (100 U per kilogram intravenously). RESULTS: In the therapy group, 31 women received hyperimmune globulin, only 1 (3 percent) of whom gave birth to an infant with CMV disease (symptomatic at birth and handicapped at two or more years of age), as compared with 7 of 14 women who did not receive hyperimmune globulin (50 percent). Thus, hyperimmune globulin therapy was associated with a significantly lower risk of congenital CMV disease (adjusted odds ratio, 0.02; 95 percent confidence interval, -infinity to 0.15; P<0.001). In the prevention group, 37 women received hyperimmune globulin, 6 (16 percent) of whom had infants with congenital CMV infection, as compared with 19 of 47 women (40 percent) who did not receive hyperimmune globulin. Thus, hyperimmune globulin therapy was associated with a significantly lower risk of congenital CMV infection (adjusted odds ratio, 0.32; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.10 to 0.94; P=0.04). Hyperimmune globulin therapy significantly (P<0.001) increased CMV-specific IgG concentrations and avidity and decreased natural killer cells and HLA-DR+ cells and had no adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of pregnant women with CMV-specific hyperimmune globulin is safe, and the findings of this nonrandomized study suggest that it may be effective in the treatment and prevention of congenital CMV infection. A controlled trial of this agent may now be appropriate.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Prevention of HIV infection by passive immunization with HIV immunoglobulin.

The use of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immune globulin (HIVIG) in prevention of HIV infection in chimpanzees was investigated in the hope of ultimate application to interruption of vertical transmission. In previous experiments, no protection was observed when relatively high challenge doses were used. This study shows that HIVIG protected against a challenge dose (10 CID50) tenfold lower than that used previously. The protected animal remained free of HIV infection as determined by cocultivation and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and did not mount a primary immune response detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and neutralization assays. These results imply that HIV vaccines should induce neutralizing antibody and may not need to induce cell-mediated immunity in order to be protective against exposure to HIV. They also provide an experimental basis for the conduct of clinical trials to evaluate prevention of maternal-infant transmission by HIVIG.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Passive immunization against disease due to Haemophilus influenzae type b: concentrations of antibody to capsular polysaccharide in high-risk children.

From the pooled plasma of 54 adult donors immunized with Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide (CP), a human hyperimmune globulin termed bacterial polysaccharide immune globulin (BPIG) was prepared. The pharmacokinetics of antibody to H. influenzae type b CP in high-risk children was compared after BPIG and conventional immune serum globulin (ISG) were administered intramuscularly at a dose of 0.5-0.6 ml/kg. The increase in antibody level four to seven days after injection was ninefold higher with BPIG than with ISG and remained higher throughout the three-month follow-up period. The mean half-life of antibody to H. influenzae type b CP was similar after BPIG (27 days) and ISG (29 days). Antibody levels returned to baseline one to two months after ISG but remained significantly above baseline three months after BPIG (mean concentration, 385 ng/ml). Based on the assumption that 150 ng of IgG antibody to H. influenzae type b CP/ml is the minimal protective level, it is concluded that a single intramuscular dose of 0.5 ml of BPIG/kg will protect children for four months.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗
PubMed1994

Passive immunization of the vagina protects mice against vaginal transmission of genital herpes infections.

Vaginal application of human herpes simplex virus (HSV) antiserum, complement-inactivated antiserum, or IgG purified from antiserum protected mice (P < .001, P < .001, and P < .01, respectively) from visible signs of genital HSV-2 infection after subsequent vaginal inoculation with HSV-2 (10 ID50). Vaginal application of an anti-HSV-2 monoclonal antibody (MAb III-174) also protected mice against infection. This MAb, a neutralizing mouse IgG2A against glycoprotein D, prevented infection as determined by viral shedding from the vagina (P < .05), blocked 50% of visible signs of genital herpes infection at a vaginal dose of approximately 10 ng, and blocked 100% of visible signs of infection at a vaginal dose of 1 microgram (P < .001). These results suggest that vaginal applications of anti-HSV antibodies may help prevent sexual transmission of genital herpes infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Passive immunization with the anti-HIV-1 human monoclonal antibody (hMAb) 4E10 and the hMAb combination 4E10/2F5/2G12.

OBJECTIVES: To study the safety, immunogenicity and pharmacokinetics of the human monoclonal antibody (hMAb) 4E10 alone and in combination with the hMAbs 2F5 and 2G12 in HIV-1-infected persons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight healthy volunteers with > or =350 CD4 cells/mm3 and < or =100 000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL were enrolled, seven finished the study. A single 4E10 infusion was administered on day 0, followed by three doses of the hMAb combination 4E10/2F5/2G12 on days 7, 14 and 21 (total amount 8.5 g). Safety was assessed by physical examination, blood chemistry, complete blood cell count and recording of adverse events. 4E10, 2F5 and 2G12 plasma levels were determined before and at the end of each infusion and during the 7 week follow-up. RESULTS: No drug-related adverse events were observed throughout the study. The median plasma concentrations immediately after the first infusion were 371, 253 and 139 microg/mL for 4E10, 2F5 and 2G12. Multiple infusions resulted in maximum plasma concentrations of 407, 294 and 210 microg/mL for 4E10, 2F5, and 2G12, respectively. The median elimination half-lives (t1/2beta) were 6.6, 3.2 and 14.1 days for 4E10, 2F5 and 2G12. A low level antibody response against 2G12 was found in two patients. CONCLUSION: This Phase I trial showed that the hMAb 4E10 can be safely administered, both alone and in combination with 2F5 and 2G12 to HIV-1-infected patients.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1996

Effect of maternal passive immunization against vasoactive intestinal peptide on prolactin secretion in turkey poults.

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in prolactin (PRL) release in young turkey poults. Poults obtained from hens immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-chicken VIP (cVIP-KLH) conjugate or with KLH alone were used in this study. Plasma VIP antibody was tested by means of monoiodinated cVIP. Plasma samples were prediluted (1:100) in 0.05 EDTA PBS and used as a source of primary antibody in a cVIP-binding assay. Antibody levels averaged 50.8 +/- 10.3% at hatch and then declined with age to a level of 5.0 +/- 2.1% after 3 wk. Plasma PRL concentration was lower in cVIP-KLH-immunized poults (p < 0.05) than in KLH-immunized birds. Exogenous VIP administration at 7 days of age (7.8 micrograms/kg) increased plasma PRL level (p < 0.05) to a peak value of 359 +/- 32 ng/ml in the KLH-immunized birds. A smaller increase (p < 0.05) was obtained when the KLH-immunized poults received injections at 2 and 3 wk of age. The PRL response to cVIP administration was not observed in 1- and 2-wk-old poults maternally immunized with cVIP-KLH. Similarly, electrical stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, at 1 and 8 days of age, induced a significant increase in the plasma PRL level of maternally KLH-immunized birds but not in maternally cVIP-KLH-immunized birds. These findings suggest that cVIP is a PRL-releasing factor in young turkey poults, similar to the finding in adult turkey hens.

Animals↗