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PubMed1986

[Experimental viral labyrinthitis--an immunohistochemical investigation of the cochlear lesion].

Pathogenesis of viral labyrinthitis is still poorly understood despite the dimension of clinical problem. This study was undertaken in order to elucidate the pathogenesis of viral labyrinthitis by the immunohistochemical investigations of infected cochleas. HVJ (Sendai virus) and mumps virus have been used to create an animal model of viral labyrinthitis. The cochleas of adult guinea pigs with intralabyrinthine inoculation of virus through the round window membrane and with intravascular injection of virus were investigated by histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques (immunofluorescent and Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex method). Control animal received only the culture medium. Histopathologically, fibrosis of scala tympani, vacuolization of stria vascularis, cell infiltration in perilymph were observed in the animals with intralabyrinthine inoculation, whereas no significant changes were observed in those with intravascular injection. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that viral antigen of HVJ was found in stria vascularis (6/11), Reissner's membrane (5/11), Organ of Corti (2/11) and viral antigen of mumps was found in stria vascularis (3/11), Reissner's membrane (1/11), Organ of Corti (1/11) in inoculated side of cochlea. In animal with intravascular injection, viral antigen of HVJ was found in stria vascularis (4/6), Organ of Corti (1/6) and viral antigen of mumps was found in stria vascularis (5/18), Organ of Corti (2/18). Cochleas of control animal showed no evidence of viral antigen. Viral antigen of both viruses were found in stria vascularis, Reissner's membrane, and Organ of Corti. Of these, Stria vascularis showed stronger affinity to these viruses. The results of intravascular injection indicate that endolymphatic labyrinthitis may ensure as a result of viremia.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Steroid injections for tenosynovitis in the hand.

The history, anatomy, and pathology of trigger finger, carpal tunnel syndrome, and de Quervain's disease are discussed. A review of 171 such cases treated with steroid injections indicates that injection for trigger finger and de Quervain's disease can be quite successful. The results in cases of carpal tunnel syndrome are less predictable.

Betamethasone↗
PubMed1986

The calcar bone graft.

A canine model was developed to investigate the use of an autogeneic iliac bone graft to treat the calcar deficiency commonly found at the time of revision surgery for femoral component loosening. Five large male mixed-breed dogs had bilateral total hip arthroplasty staged at three-month intervals, and were sacrificed at six months. Prior to cementing the femoral component, an experimental calcar defect was made, and a bicortical iliac bone graft was fashioned to fill the defect. Serial roentgenograms showed the grafts had united with no resorption. Technetium-99 bone scans showed more uptake at three months than at six months in the graft region. Disulfine blue injection indicated all grafts were perfused at both three and six months. Thin section histology, fluorochromes, and microradiographs confirmed graft viability in all dogs. Semiquantitative grading of the fluorochromes indicated new bone deposition in 20%-50% of each graft at three months and 50%-80% at six months. Although the calcar bone graft was uniformly successful in this canine study, the clinical application of this technique should be evaluated by long-term results in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The inhibitory effect of fentanyl, nicomorphine and 6-nicotinoyl morphine on phrenic nerve activity in relation to their cardiovascular effects in the anaesthetized cat.

The inhibitory effects of the morphine-like drugs fentanyl, nicomorphine (3,6-dinicotinoyl morphine, Vilan) and its active metabolite 6-nicotinoyl morphine (6-NM) on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) were quantified. Therefore, the drugs were simultaneously infused into the left and right vertebral artery of anaesthetized cats. Previously we demonstrated that drugs, administered via these arteries, accumulate within the pontomedullary region, whereas only insignificant amounts reach higher brain areas and peripheral structures. The results were compared with the effects of i.v. administration. It is shown that fentanyl already inhibits PNA after 60 ng via the vertebral arteries. Nicomorphine and its metabolite have much less influence on respiration (factor 564 and 47, respectively). The difference in potency between nicomorphine and 6-NM was less after i.v. injection, indicating that nicomorphine needs metabolization in order to unfold full biological activity. Haemodynamic parameters are not affected after central administration even when PNA is almost completely depressed. After i.v. injection of relatively high doses, blood pressure falls, but probably not by an interaction with opiate receptors in the lower brain stem, since it could not be reversed by intravertebral naloxone.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The toxicity, distribution and elimination of methylmercury in mice following intracerebral injection.

Intracerebral injection of methylmercury (CH3Hg) into the mouse brain resulted in significant weight loss and the appearance of characteristic neurological disturbances associated with CH3Hg intoxication. Neurological effects appeared dependent upon a minimum injected dose of 16 micrograms of CH3Hg corresponding to a CH3Hg concentration in the brain of 32 micrograms/g. Methylmercury was rapidly eliminated from the brain resulting in 40% and 5% remaining in the brain at 10 min and 7 days, respectively. The half-lives of CH3Hg in the tissues/organs were relatively short, ranging from 1.6 days for the cerebellum to 9.9 days for the liver and intestine. At the 10 min interval following injection, 22% of the injected 203Hg was found in the red blood cells which declined to 3% at the end of 7 days. The kidney concentration of 203Hg rapidly increased to 8% of the injected dose at 4 hr and remained at 5% of the body CH3Hg burden after 8 hr. The rapid elimination of 203Hg from the brain following intracerebral injection indicates that the blood brain barrier does not play a significant role in the retention of CH3Hg.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The renal microvasculature of the monkey: an anatomical investigation.

Twelve monkeys, Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta, were investigated to study their renal microvasculature. After death, all monkeys were perfused with heparinised isotonic saline to flush their vascular systems. The kidneys were then perfused with silicone rubber and examined. The silicone rubber injections allowed description of afferent arterioles and several efferent vascular patterns observed in the subcapsular, midcortical, and inner cortical regions. The medullary vasculature was particularly interesting in that no particular vascular zonation was observable. Silicone rubber injections indicated the existence of vascular bundles that run parallel to one another from outer medulla nearly to the papillary tip. Branching of descending vasa recta into capillaries, or precapillary vessels, occurs frequently and at all levels of the medulla. Ascending vasa recta are formed from the interbundle capillary plexus and from the plexus at the papillary tip. They ascend primarily within vascular bundles to the corticomedullary junction where these vessels may empty into collecting veins or arcuate veins. In addition, many ascending vasa recta penetrate into the cortex where they drain into the proximal third of interlobular veins. The venous drainage of the cortex appears to be regional, in that the area surrounding an interlobular vein generally drains into it directly via venules or small veins. The arterial and venous morphology of the monkey kidney may be important to the monkey's ability to concentrate urine despite the virtual absence of an inner medullary zone. The potential physiological significance of the monkey's microvasculature is discussed extensively and compared with various other mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Increase in blood serotonin levels in the hepatic venous outflow after intraportal tumour cell injection.

An important role of platelet-liberated serotonin (5-HT) for the hepatic lodgement of intraportally injected tumor cells was suggested in previous studies. In the present investigation the inferior caval vein was cannulated for determination of 5-HT levels in the hepatic venous outflow in association with tumour cell lodgement in the liver. A peak of 5-HT could be demonstrated in the inferior caval vein 15 min after intraportal tumour cell injection, indicating exposition of the liver to high local concentrations of 5-HT in excess of the metabolizing capacity of the liver, associated with tumour cell lodgement.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Immunomodulators and the complement system.

The possible role of immunomodulators in the host-defense mechanism against neoplasm is discussed from the standpoint of the complement system. Serum complement is activated by the majority of immunomodulators in vitro via either the classical or the alternative pathway, and this activation is sometimes observed following systemic administration of immunomodulators. Besides activating the complement, systemic administration of immunomodulators elevates serum complement levels, and in some cases binds complements to tumor cells. Activated serum complement by an immunomodulator induced an accumulation of PMNs in ascites with tumor cell destruction when intraperitoneally injected, indicating that complement-derived chemotactic factors C3a and C5a generated by an immunomodulator had an antitumor effect. This evidence strongly supports the concept that complement system plays an important role in the host-defense mechanism against neoplasm.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1986

Intratumoral injection of thymidine: enhancement of the antitumor activity and incorporation of 5-fluorouracil into tumor RNA in a murine tumor system.

Intratumoral injection of thymidine (dThd) into mice bearing an Ehrlich ascites solid tumor in combination with an ip injection of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) was performed to investigate the following: (a) whether intratumoral injection of dThd would increase both the incorporation of FUra into tumor RNA and the antitumor activity of FUra as effectively as ip injection of dThd, and (b) whether intratumoral injection of dThd would have a selective advantage for increasing the incorporation of FUra into the tumor RNA, relative to normal tissue RNA. Pulse-labeling with [3H]FUra at different times after dThd injection indicated that the most effective incorporation of FUra into the tumor RNA occurred with both intratumoral and ip injection of dThd, when FUra and dThd were given simultaneously. The amount of FUra-containing RNA [(FU)RNA] was dThd dose-dependent and reached a maximum at a dThd dose of 100 mg/kg, in the case of either intratumoral or ip injection. The maximal level with intratumoral injection of dThd was twofold higher than the level with ip injection and at least fivefold higher than the level achieved with FUra alone. In a time course study, the amount of (FU)RNA formed after intratumoral injection of dThd was comparable to the level obtained with ip injection, which was fourfold to sixfold greater than that seen with FUra alone. Furthermore, in the four normal organs (bone marrow, intestine, kidneys, and lungs) the amount of (FU)RNA formed after intratumoral injection of dThd was markedly lower than the level with ip injection. Assay of FUra degradation products revealed low levels of FUra catabolism in the tumor tissue compared to liver. In addition, therapy experiments showed that the antitumor activity of FUra was increased 17-fold by coadministration of dThd by either route.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Variation in activities of non-plasmin fibrinolytic proteinase and plasminogen-activator in the lung and spleen induced by bacterial endotoxin in rats with special reference to the effects of MD-805.

The behavior of direct fibrinolytic (non-plasmin) proteinase activity and plasminogen-activator activity in the lung and spleen was investigated in rats after a single intravenous injection of bacterial endotoxin, and the influence of thrombin inhibitors on the effects of the endotoxin was assessed. The non-plasmin fibrinolytic activity was markedly increased following a decrease of plasminogen-activator in the lung. In addition, variations in hematological parameters, i.e. a decrease of platelet count, fibrinogen level and antithrombin III, and an increase of blood urea nitrogen and euglobulin fibrinolytic activity, were induced by the injection, indicating the occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. In comparative studies on the effects of the endotoxin injection and thrombin infusion, in the lung and spleen an increase of fibrinolytic proteinase activity was induced in a similar manner; the plasminogen-activator activity in the lung was decreased by the endotoxin injection but not decreased by the thrombin infusion. In prevention studies with heparin and MD-805, the latter was found to prevent the decrease of either fibrinogen or platelet count. However, the former failed to prevent the decrease of platelet count although that of the fibrinogen level was prevented. Heparin and MD-805 exerted no preventive effect on the endotoxin-induced variations of proteinase activity and plasminogen-activator activity in the lung.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Automatic recognition of hemisphere-borderlines in cerebral radionuclide angiography (author's transl)].

The diagnostic value of brain perfusion studies with radionuclides is based upon the careful determination of intracerebral vascular supply areas in sequential scintigraphic frames. This paper describes an automatic algorithm to determine cerebral hemisphere-borderlines (Regions of Interest). In 134 randomized brain perfusion studies, regions of interest were set by three techniques: automatically by a computer program at the beginning of the venous phase, automatically by using all images derived from the total bolus passage (40 sec.), and manual marking with a light pen at the beginning of the venous phase. A good correlation of these different techniques was obtained (r = 0.87). Furthermore, we found the bilateral perfusion index independent within a wide range, from the size of the marked regions and the quality of the injected indicator bolus. Time saving and lesser carefulness, concomitant with higher precision and reliability, in addition to the standardisation of the marking technique increase the diagnostic value of cerebral radionuclide angiography.

Brain↗
PubMed1977

The location of nuclei of different labelling intensities in autoradiographs of the anterior forebrain of postnatial mice injected with [3H]thymidine on the eleventh and twelfth days post-conception.

The location of neuron nuclei of different labelling intensities in autoradiographs of the anterior forebrain of two 22 day old mice which had been injected with [3H]thymidine at 11 and 12 days post-conception respectively was charted on photocollages of sections enlarges 175 times. The pattern of distribution of the heavily labelled nuclei, i.e. those nuclei belonging to cells most likely to have been born shortly after the time of [3H]thymidine injection, indicated that the inner two thirds of the neocortex is laid down along a ventro-dorsal gradient, i.e. the lateral neocortex starts to form before the dorsal; and that cells born at a particular time lie in cortical layer VI at the dorsal edge of the gradient is traced ventrally. Progressively more weakly labelled cells formed intermediate steps in this migration. A model or cortical growth fitting these findings is presented. Some inferences are also made about the possible role of the ganglionic eminences in providing cortical cells, at least during the initial stages of cortical histogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Drug monitoring at an Australia depot phenothiazine clinic.

Three aspects of treatment with injectable neuroleptics, are presented. An individualized approach to the dosage of Fluphenazine decanoate must be practiced in conjunction with, and taking into account the time spent in treatment and the sex and age variables reported. Our flexible approach to the interval between injections, indicated a large group could be maintained at intervals of 5 to 8 weeks. Complex and challenging problems can be found with antiparkinsonian drugs; 30% of nearly 400 outpatients still require these drugs.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Cytotoxic activity, tumor accumulation, and tissue distribution of ruthenium-103-labeled bleomycin.

Bleomycin (BLM) was labeled with gamma-emitting 103Ru. Yields of 103Ru-labeled BLM as high as 50.6% were attained. 103Ru-labeled BLM was stable in vitro and the 103ru label was not displaced by large excesses of Cu (II) and Co (II) or Fe (III). Chromatography of the urine following 103Ru-labeled BLM injection indicated no in vivo decomposition. Pharmacokinetic studies in healthy inbred SD and tumor-bearing inbred BUF rats demonstrated tumor accumulations, tissue distributions, and clearance nearly identical with those reported for 3H-labeled BLM. Cytotoxicity studies on a WI-L2 human B-cell line showed that BLM labeled with nonradioactive Ru retained 100% of the activity demonstrated by native BLM. Thus BLM may be labeled with isotopes of Ru to form stable complexes by a simple, rapid reaction without loss of its chemotherapeutic properties or variations in its in vivo distribution. BLM labeled with the proper Ru isotope should prove useful as a gamma-emitting tracer for BLM or a beta-emitting compound capable of providing combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy of tumors.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Arthritis inflammation monitored by subcutaneous millimeter wave thermography.

A new technique for remote, noninvasive mapping of temperature elevations of the human joints is described; it uses the mm wave radiation emitted by the human body. A solid state switched scanner for 68 GHz is described which overcomes the depth limitations of conventional, infrared thermographs and can measure to subcutaneous depths of several mm with a temperature resolution of 0.25 degrees C. Measurements on rheumatoid arthritic knee joints are presented which show little correlation with simultaneously measured skin temperatures. Significant longterm thermographic changes induced by steroid injection indicate a potential for objective patient monitoring and development of new treatment methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Effects of gastrin on emptying and composition of digesta of the omasum of sheep.

Three adult sheep were prepared with a denervated pouch of fundus of the abomasum and a reentrant fistula system that connected the remaining proximal and distal portions of the abomasum. The proximal cannula of the reentrant system was close to the omasoabomasal orifice, allowing for easy collection of fluid leaving the omasum. Intravenous injection of 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 microgram/kg/hr of synthetic human gastrin I caused a marked decrease in flow rate of fluid from the omasum. The concentration of particulate matter in the digesta was inversely related to rate of omasal outflow. An increase in acid output from the denervated abomasal pouch during gastrin injection indicated that the hormone was given at pharmacologically effective doses. Results indicate that gastrin has a modulating effect on the flow of ingesta through the ruminant forestomachs. Actual sites of action were not identified.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Muscle irritation caused by different products containing oxytetracycline.

Muscle irritation studies were done in rabbits using 9 different commercial products. Eight products had propylene glycol and 1 had polyvinylpyrrolidone as a vehicle. Macroscopical examination 3,6 and 10 days after intramuscular injection indicated that the irritation caused by the 8 products with propylene glycol as a vehicle were very similar. The product with polyvinylpyrrolidone caused much less damage and healing took place more quickly. Saline used as a control caused no tissue damage.

Animals↗