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PubMed1984

Extrinsic factors that put patients at risk of acquiring central nervous system infections.

Although many host defenses, including physical barriers, phagocytic cells, and humoral elements, normally protect the central nervous system from microbial pathogens, a variety of extrinsic factors may compromise these defenses and put patients at risk of acquiring central nervous system infection. These risk factors include: (1) communication of the cerebrospinal fluid space with integumentary surfaces; (2) communication of the cerebrospinal fluid space with other body spaces through shunts; (3) suppurative foci contiguous to the central nervous system; (4) hematogenous spread of infectious agents; (5) new acquisition of infectious agents with a propensity for causing central nervous system infection; and (6) administration of certain antimicrobial or immunosuppressive drugs. Recognition that these factors are present and therefore that the patient is at risk allows monitoring for and prompt response to signs and symptoms of central nervous system infection.

Bacterial Infections↗

PubMed2002

Tissue adaptation to physical stress: a proposed "Physical Stress Theory" to guide physical therapist practice, education, and research.

The purpose of this perspective is to present a general theory--the Physical Stress Theory (PST). The basic premise of the PST is that changes in the relative level of physical stress cause a predictable adaptive response in all biological tissue. Specific thresholds define the upper and lower stress levels for each characteristic tissue response. Qualitatively, the 5 tissue responses to physical stress are decreased stress tolerance (eg, atrophy), maintenance, increased stress tolerance (eg, hypertrophy), injury, and death. Fundamental principles of tissue adaptation to physical stress are described that, in the authors' opinion, can be used to help guide physical therapy practice, education, and research. The description of fundamental principles is followed by a review of selected literature describing adaptation to physical stress for each of the 4 main organ systems described in the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice (ie, cardiovascular/pulmonary, integumentary, musculoskeletal, neuromuscular). Limitations and implications of the PST for practice, research, and education are presented.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2005

A review of spontaneous neoplasia in baboons (Papio spp.).

The baboon has become an increasingly important animal model and accurate information on baboon neoplasia is frequently required for biomedical research. To satisfy this demand, a complete literature search was carried out. Two hundred and four spontaneous neoplasms were found in published literature: 53 cases were male (26%), 76 were female (37%); sex was not reported in 75 cases (37%). Ages ranged from 3 months to 31 years (mean 14.1 years) in the 93 cases that reported them. Spontaneous neoplasms have been documented in Papio cynocephalus and Papio hamadryas as well as in most subspecies and hybrid combinations. The organ systems affected in descending order of number of neoplasms were hematopoietic (n = 53, 26%), alimentary (n = 52, 25%), urogenital (n = 35, 17%), integumentary (n = 26, 13%), endocrine (n = 14, 7%), nervous (n = 12, 5%), musculoskeletal (n = 4, 2%) and respiratory (n = 3, 1%). There were five miscellaneous neoplasms (2%) that could not be classified by system. Lymphosarcoma was the most common neoplasm (n = 51, 25%), and adenocarcinomas were second (n = 23, 11%), followed by squamous cell carcinomas (n = 10, 5%). Malignant cases numbered 114 (56%); 87 cases were (43%) benign. The malignancy of three cases (1%) was unreported.

Aging↗

PubMed2026

Venomous Lepidoptera: defensive toxin systems, venom composition, and clinical significance.

Venomous Lepidoptera constitute an underrecognized yet medically significant group of toxin-producing arthropods that employ contact-mediated defensive envenomation through specialized integumentary structures such as setae, spines, and scoli. Unlike actively stinging arthropods, these insects deliver venom passively upon contact, eliciting a diverse spectrum of clinical manifestations collectively termed lepidopterism. Clinical outcomes range from localized pain and dermatitis to severe systemic effects, including hemorrhagic syndromes, complement activation, and chronic inflammatory disorders. Recent advances in proteomic and transcriptomic technologies have transformed our understanding of lepidopteran venoms, revealing unexpectedly complex toxin repertoires comprising serine proteases, phospholipases, pore-forming proteins, disulfide-rich peptides, neuroactive RF-amide peptides, and immune-modulating components. These findings have provided new insights into the molecular basis of toxicity, host-pathogen interactions, and the evolutionary diversification of venom systems within Lepidoptera. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the morphology of venom-delivery structures, venom composition, mechanisms of action, and associated clinical manifestations, while highlighting medically important taxa, particularly species of the genus Lonomia. The successful development of antivenom against Lonomia envenomation underscores the translational relevance of lepidopteran toxin research and its potential for therapeutic innovation. By integrating molecular, clinical, and evolutionary perspectives, this review repositions venomous Lepidoptera as a legitimate and important component of arthropod toxinology. Furthermore, it identifies critical methodological limitations and key knowledge gaps, providing a framework for future investigations aimed at advancing our understanding of toxin biology, immunopathology, and the development of novel biomedical applications.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Transplantation immunity in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana: the rejection of integumentary grafts from Blatta orientalis.

The results from several previous studies have indicated that the American cockroach is able to respond to integumentary xenografts, but doubt remained as to whether cockroaches could effectively discriminate between self and allogeneic differences. This was emphasized by the fact that while one study reported that Periplaneta americana responded to grafts donated by the closely related genus Blatta orientalis, the data reported elsewhere, using a different assay system, found no such reactivity. Since we have subsequently reported, using a direct histological assay, that Periplaneta can in fact recognize and destroy integumentary allografts, we initiated a study to hopefully sort out the enigma presented by previous data using Blatta as a transplant donor. Integument from Blatta orientalis was transplanted orthotopically onto Periplaneta americana, and at various time points post-transplant, scored histologically for the survival of the subcuticular epidermal layer. The results clearly demonstrated that Periplaneta reacted to the Blatta tissue, because approximately 82% of the grafts had the epidermal layer destroyed by day 7 posttransplant. The kinetics of the response to Blatta was more in line with our allograft data, which would be in agreement with other work indicating that the closer the donor and recipient are on the phylogenetic tree, the less intense the reactivity to the foreign transplant.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Social class and morbidity in clinically treated alcoholics.

The lifetime physical disease profiles of 122 lower and 724 middle class non-skid row alcoholics admitted to an inpatient treatment facility were compared to further clarify the significance of social class as a determinant of morbidity in alcoholics. The overall severity of physical disease and the frequency of all recorded lifetime illness diagnoses were greater in the lower than in the middle class. The former experienced more trauma, genitourinary disorders, venereal disease and malnutrition, as well as small excesses of respiratory and nervous system disorders. There were no class differences in the lifetime frequencies of liver and biliary tract, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, endocrine and metabolic, integumentary, locomotor and haemopoietic disorders, or in the incidences of a number of disease entities including acute brain syndromes and chronic brain damage. The drinking patterns of the classes were similar, but the average duration of hazardous drinking was longer and the average current consumption was greater in the lower class. There were no class differences, however, in the average duration of hazardous drinking before the first occurrence of certain diseases. The referral sources of the classes were significantly different. Possible explanations for the differences between the findings of this and earlier studies are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Fate-map analysis of the epiblast of the dasyurid marsupial Sminthopsis macroura (Gould).

Allocation of cells in the marsupial epiblast to embryonic and extra-embryonic domains has to date been studied only histologically. An unresolved issue in marsupial embryology has been the existence of a medullary plate. We re-examined the hypotheses that the medullary plate, or neurectoderm, arises before notochord formation and that the integumentary ectoderm is segregated from the ectoderm after the formation of the medullary plate. By marking epiblast cells in 65 Day-8 embryos of the dasyurid marsupial Sminthopsis macroura, with the lipophilic cell-surface marker, DiI, we demonstrated that the so-called medullary plate contains progenitors of the integumentary ectoderm of the neck, chest, limbs and flank of the embryo. Thus, cell-allocation processes in the epiblast must have segregated the entire complement of embryonic ectoderm in one event, not separate events. It is concluded that the embryonic structure called 'medullary plate' in marsupial embryos is misnamed since, in fact, it consists of both integumentary ectoderm and neurectoderm.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Water uptake by Rana temporaria: effects of diuretics and the renin--angiotensin system, and nephrectomy.

Adult Rana temporaria, acclimated to tap water or hyperosmotic (0.9% NaCl saline) media, were injected with Acetazolamide, Frusemide, or Captopril, or were nephrectomized and injected with captopril. Saline-injected animals served as controls. Total water flux and drinking rates were determined by body weight changes and by the rate of accumulation of an environmental marker (phenol red) in the gut, respectively. Changes in plasma corticosteroids and ion concentrations were also assessed. Acetazolamide and frusemide produced hyponatraemia in tap water-acclimated animals, but induced increased aldosterone levels in frogs in both environments. Captopril reduced body weight and aldosterone levels of tap water frogs, but had no effect on plasma ion composition. Animals treated with captopril on immersion in saline had plasma hypoosmotic to their environment. Saline-acclimated frogs drank less environmental water than did those in tap water. Captopril, acetazolamide, and frusemide all stimulated drinking rates of saline-acclimated frogs; captopril, however, had no effect on the drinking rates of nephrectomized animals, indicating that the dipsogenic actions of this drug are probably reflected by inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. In tap water animals, acetazolamide stimulated drinking, while frusemide stimulated integumental water uptake. No correlation was apparent between plasma aldosterone and corticosterone concentrations, or between changes in body weight and drinking rates. This suggests that there are independent mechanisms controlling aldosterone and corticosterone secretion, as well as integumentary and buccal uptake of water in R. temporaria.

Acetazolamide↗

PubMed1975

Chloride balance in Rana pipiens.

Frogs kept in dilute solutions of Cl- maintain a steady state with respect to this ion. Chloride is exchanged at a rate of about 15 mumol 100 g-1 h-1 (47 nmol cm-2 h-1). Over 90% of the efflux is integumentary of which about 50% is diffusion of the total influx. The rest is carrier mediated, half of which is exchange diffusion and half active transport. The chloride transport system displays saturation kinetics and is inhibited by acetazolamide. Uptake of Cl- is not dependent on concomitant uptake of cations. Salt-depleted frogs accumulate Cl- from dilute KCl or choline chloride in exchange for an endogenous base, probably HCO-3. High bath concentrations of NaCl (greater than 5 mM) abolish the active uptake of Cl- and increase the passive permeability of the skin to Cl-.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Phototoxicity of plant secondary metabolites: insect and mammalian perspectives.

Phototoxic chemicals produced by plants have been studied in a number of contexts, most notably as protective agents against mammalian and insect herbivores. Although there are commonalities in the responses of these two groups of herbivores to plant phototoxins, there are differences as well. Whereas a greater range of chemical classes has been demonstrated to display phototoxicity against insects, considerably more information is available on symptomology of phototoxicity and mechanisms of action in mammals. The commonalities include alterations in behavior following ingestion, notably photophobia, disruption of integumentary integrity following contact or ingestion, and metabolic detoxification following ingestion, in the case of furanocoumarins involving cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Not yet known to exist in insects are phototoxin-mediated effects on sensory (particularly visual) systems and phototoxicity resulting from abnormal chlorophyll metabolism. In order to gain greater understanding of the ecological significance of phototoxin-mediated plant defense against both insects and mammals, there is a need for more studies centered on natural associations.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Prevalent diseases of ostrich chicks farmed in Canada.

In Canada, ostriches are now slaughtered for their meat and hides. The mortality rate in ostrich farming is highest in chick units. An increased chick survival rate impacts positively on production and profit. This paper will focus on common health disorders that affect chick production costs. These are discussed under the following categories: digestive, orthopedic, respiratory, and integumentary disorders. Methods for elimination or reduction of these mortality factors are also discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Effect of cadmium chloride on physiological color changes of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator.

The effects of cadmium exposure on the color change system of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, were determined. Crabs were either immersed in 10 ppm cadmium chloride solutions or injected with 8.5 micrograms cadmium/g body weight. The crabs exposed to cadmium, either by injection or immersion, were less able to bring about dispersion of the pigment in their integumentary melanophores than were the unexposed crabs. Cadmium did not affect the melanophores directly. This decreased black pigment dispersion was apparently due to effects of cadmium on the neuroendocrine processes that control the melanophores. The neuroendocrine complex in the eyestalk is the source of a black pigment-dispersing hormone (BPDH). Eyestalks of crabs kept in clean water contained 3.27 times more BPDH than did the eyestalks of the cadmium-exposed crabs. Histological studies revealed that cadmium exposure results in depletion of the neurosecretory material in the eyestalks and brain. It is hypothesized that cadmium inhibits BPDH synthesis in neurosecretory (neuroendocrine) cells, resulting in decreased ability of exposed crabs to disperse their black pigment.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Metabolic indices for evaluating the in vitro maintenance of Hymenolepis diminuta in the presence and absence of various additives.

An in vitro maintenance system for H. diminuta was devised by modifying the cultivation procedure of Schiller (1965). In this diphasic maintenance system, tissue culture medium (Triple Eagle's or NCTC-135) was used, in lieu of whole blood, as the 30% supplement to the agar phase. This provides a more defined system suitable for studying the effects of various additives. Morphological criteria were established which aided in assessing the efficacy of media used for the maintenance of 6- and 8-day-old H. diminuta. When successfully maintained, worms exhibited an intact scolex and neck region, undulatory movements along the strobila as well as integumentary and strobilar integrity. A more sensitive method for evaluating the maintenance of 8-day-old worms employed metabolic indices. Wet weight, protein and glycogen levels for 8-day-old H. diminuta served as base-line data allowing estimation of protein and glycogen contents of each worm prior to maintenance. Following maintenance, ratio of final to initial protein and final to initial glycogen levels (metabolic indices). A metabolic index approaching or exceeding unity suggested a reasonably intact metabolism. The addition of sodium taurocholate to the maintenance media appeared beneficial to the worms by prolonging the retention of normal signs. A combination of additives, taurocholate-nucleosides-lipids, improved the maintenance of H. diminuta for periods exceeding 24 hr as determined by observational criteria and metabolic indices. However, addition of a lipid mixture, or a lipid mixture prepared with a low concentration of taurocholate was not beneficial over a 24 hr period. The maintenance system, observational criteria, base-line data and metabolic indices should be useful for future in vitro studies requiring long-term incubation.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Recent progress in studies on cell-mediated immune responsiveness in insects.

Comparative immunologists have been engaged in a search for the origins of cell-mediated immunity for a long time. One group of invertebrates that have been receiving increasing attention has been the insects. These animals not only serve as good experimental models, but are of great interest because of their evolutionary success. Several studies have shown that insects generally respond to particular foreign material by mounting an encapsulation reaction. On a more specific level, insects have also been found to be capable of quickly rejecting integumentary xenografts. A basic enigma however, has been the reported inability of insects to respond to integumentary allografts. Recent work from our lab indicates that if one concentrates on the fate of the soft tissue component of the integument, one can readily demonstrate allograft reactivity in these animals. We have now confirmed this by yet another system which monitors the loss of 3H-thymidine from labeled allo- and autografts. Thus, future studies promise to unravel some long sought after questions concerning the evolution of cellular defense mechanisms.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Langerhans cell histiocytosis infiltration in cerebrospinal fluid: a case report.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disease of unknown etiology characterized by a proliferation of histiocytic cells resembling the integumentary cells bearing the name of Langerhans cells. LCH can be unifocal or multifocal, with one- or many-organ involvement. We present a case of LCH diagnosed in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with generalized lymphadenopathy and central nervous system involvement.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Total intravenous anaesthesia in horses using medetomidine and propofol.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the clinical suitability of medetomidine-propofol infusions for total intravenous anaesthesia in horses. ANIMALS: Fifty client-owned horses of mixed breed, age [mean +/- SD (range)] 6.6 +/- 4.4 (0.04-18) years, mass 478 +/- 168.3 (80-700) kg presented for a range of operations requiring general anaesthesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pre-anaesthetic medication was intravenous (IV) medetomidine 7 mug kg(-1). Anaesthesia was induced with IV ketamine (2 mg kg(-1)) and diazepam (0.02 mg kg(-1)). After endotracheal intubation, O2 was delivered (FiO2 > 0.85). Positive pressure ventilation was initiated if breath-holding in excess of 1 minute occurred. Anaesthesia was maintained with a constant rate medetomidine infusion (3.5 microg kg(-1) hour(-1)) and propofol infused IV to effect (initial dose 0.1 mg kg(-1) minute(-1)). Heart (HR) respiratory (fr) and propofol administration rates, and systemic arterial blood pressures were recorded at 5-minute intervals. Arterial blood gas (O2 and CO2) tensions and pH values were recorded every 15 minutes. Ten minutes after ending medetomidine-propofol infusion, medetomidine (2 microg kg(-1); IV) was given. Cardiopulmonary data were analysed using descriptive statistical techniques. RESULTS: Thirty-three orthopaedic, seven integumentary and 10 elective abdominal operations were performed. Cardiopulmonary data, presented as range of mean individual (and absolute individual minimum and maximum values) were: HR: 28.0-39.2 (16-88) beats minute(-1); mean arterial blood pressure: 74.0-132.5 (42-189) mmHg; PaO2: 22.1-42.9 (4.9-67.8) kPa; [166-322 (37-508) mmHg], PaCO2: 6.7-8.1 (4.2-11.8) kPa [50-61 (32-88) mmHg] and pH 7.35-7.39 (7.15-7.48). Positive pressure ventilation was required in 23 horses. In three horses, HR values below 20 beats minute(-1) were treated with 20 microg kg(-1) atropine (IV). Mean propofol infusion rates were 98-108 microg kg(-1) minute(-1). During anaesthesia, movement occurring in 14 horses was controlled with thiopental. Duration of anaesthesia was 111.6 +/- 41.4 (46-225) minutes. Recovery in all horses was uneventful and completed within 42.2 +/- 19.8 (12-98) minutes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Medetomidine-propofol infusion produces adequate conditions for a range of surgical procedures. Cardiovascular function was adequate, as no pressor agents were required. Positive pressure ventilation was required in 23 horses.

Adjuvants, Anesthesia↗

PubMed1998

[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. Epidemiological, clinical and disease progression aspects. Twenty cases].

PURPOSE: We retrospectively compared outcome in 20 patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-harada syndrome with results reported in the literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The charts of 20 patients attending the ophthalmology A unit of a specialized hospital in Rabat over a 7-year period between 1990 and 1997 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: There were 15 women (75%). Mean age was 30 years (18-40 years). The prodromal stage was characterized by headache (100%), meningism (25%) and psychiatric changes (10%). In 100% of cases, both eyes were involved with visual acuity less than 1/10 in 65% and serious retinal detachment in 95%. Integumentary signs occurred in 9 patients (45%), with alopecia (40%), poliosis (40%) and vitiligo (20%). Lumbar puncture showed cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis in 16 patients (80%) and audiometry revealed sensory neural hearing loss in 11 cases (55%). HLA typing, performed in only 5 patients, showed HLA DR4 in 100%. All of our patients were treated with systemic steroids and two of them had received immunosuppressive therapy. Long-term complications were cataract (25%) and intra-ocular pressure elevation (30%). After a mean follow-up of 6 years, 87.5% of our patients have visual acuity of 5/10 or better. CONCLUSION: Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome is common in Morocco, and visual prognosis is fair in most of the cases. It appears that cases in Morocco are more similar to those in the Asiatic population than in the American population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

The polymorphic integumentary mucin B.1 from Xenopus laevis contains the short consensus repeat.

The frog integumentary mucin B.1 (FIM-B.1), discovered by molecular cloning, contains a cysteine-rich C-terminal domain which is homologous with von Willebrand factor. With the help of the polymerase chain reaction, we now characterize a contiguous region 5' to the von Willebrand factor domain containing the short consensus repeat typical of many proteins from the complement system. Multiple transcripts have been cloned, which originate from a single animal and differ by a variable number of tandem repeats (rep-33 sequences). These different transcripts probably originate solely from two genes and are generated presumably by alternative splicing of an huge array of functional cassettes. This model is supported by analysis of genomic FIM-B.1 sequences from Xenopus laevis. Here, rep-33 sequences are arranged in an interrupted array of individual units. Additionally, results of Southern analysis revealed genetic polymorphism between different animals which is predicted to be within the tandem repeats. A first investigation of the predicted mucins with the help of a specific antibody against a synthetic peptide determined the molecular mass of FIM-B.1 to greater than 200 kDa. Here again, genetic polymorphism between different animals is detected.

Amino Acid Sequence↗