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PubMed1979

Work and disability at the age of 30 years. A sociomedical study of a birth-cohort from Bergen. VI. Education, intellectual ability and occupation.

The relationships between occupation, education and intellectual ability at 30 years of age are analysed with particular reference to type of school attended at the age of 14 years. Data utilized are derived from interviews, psychological tests, local files of various schools, and journals of the National Services for Mentally Retarded. The study comprises all live births in the year 1940 of mothers then residing in Bergen, a total of 1570 persons. A sample was taken from this cohort after stratification according to type of school attended at age 14 years. The sample was supplemented with persons who had either attended Special Schools for the educable Mentally Retarded (EMR) or received care from the Services for the Mentally Retarded (SMR). The final sample consisted of 262 persons. A relationship was found for both sexes between type of school attended at the age of 14 years and level of general education at the age of 30. For men, both occupational training acquired and intellecutal ability at 30 years were also clearly related to type of school attended at age 14 years. The test performance of the male group was superior to that of the female group. Differing careers in the two sexes may provide a clue as to the reason underlying this finding.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Drug use patterns in young German women and association with mental disorders.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of data about drug use patterns in young women. Mental disorders may influence those drug use patterns. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate drug use patterns (prescribed drugs, self-medication) in general and in relation to the prevalence rates of mental disorders in young German women. METHODS: A total of 2064 women (18-24 y old), obtained in a random clustered sample, were asked about their actual and former medication use. Moreover, a structured psychological interview (Diagnostic Interview for Mental Disorders) was conducted with each woman to evaluate the prevalence of mental disorders (according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition). RESULTS: Oral contraceptives (55.9%), thyroid preparations (7.1%), respiratory system drugs (9.4%), and nervous system drugs (8%) were the most commonly used medications. Only 10% of the women with one or more mental disorders used psychotropic medication. As expected, women with mental disorders were significantly more likely to use antidepressants and psycholeptic agents (ie, sedatives/hypnotics, antipsychotics) than were women without any mental disorder. However, there were no significant differences in use of pain medication. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate an apparently inadequate supply of drugs acting on the nervous system for women with mental disorders in Germany. Further studies on different age and gender groups are needed. It is important to evaluate the prevalence of diseases and drug use at the same time so as to identify deficits in drug therapy and optimize prescription and self-medication use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Effects of halfway house placement on retention of patients in substance abuse aftercare.

One hundred twenty-four male veterans were enrolled in the Birmingham VAMC Outpatient Substance Abuse Clinic (OSAC) aftercare program following inpatient treatment for alcohol, cocaine, or mixed alcohol-cocaine abuse/dependence. Forty-two of the patients were concurrently admitted to a nearby halfway house (HH) while the remaining 82 patients made community-based (CB) living arrangements. Chi-square analysis showed the two groups were matched, p > .05, in regard to age, race, marital status, presenting problem, and referral source. The CB group experienced significantly, p < .05, higher early dropout (40 vs 0%) from aftercare. Of the others engaging in treatment, the HH patients stayed in OSAC aftercare 60 days longer and had significantly, p < .01, more clinic visits. A higher proportion, p < .01, of HH patients completed each of four treatment milestones: education group, psychological testing, psychological interview, and treatment planning/update. On average, the HH patients remained in OSAC an additional 90 days after their halfway house discharge. Although not significantly different, p > .05, the frequency of HH patients receiving administrative discharge status of Treatment Complete was twice (28.2%) that of CB patients (15.1%). It is concluded that concurrent halfway house placement can aid in aftercare retention and completion.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Psychosocial factors, attitude to menopause and symptoms in Swedish perimenopausal women.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze attitude to menopause from women's own accounts and to examine whether psychosocial factors and attitude are associated with symptom reporting. METHODS: The data form part of a population-based longitudinal study of a cohort of women who have been followed annually for 5 years using psychological interviews and rating scales, health screening and hormonal characterization. The data reported here were collected at the fourth follow-up when the women (n = 148) were 53 years old. RESULTS: Women were classified as perimenopausal (27%), postmenopausal (15%), hormone replacement therapy (HRT) users (52%) and hysterectomized (6%), based on self-reports. More than half the women (51%) had a positive attitude to menopause, 24% had a negative attitude and 25% had a neutral attitude. Menopausal status was not associated with attitude to menopause. Factor analysis of symptom ratings yielded ten independent factors comprising negative mood, vasomotor symptoms, decreased sexual desire, memory problems, sleep-related symptoms, vaginal dryness, urogenital problems, joint pain, vitality and increased sexual desire. Only vasomotor symptoms and joint pain were associated with menopausal status. The other symptoms were more strongly related to psychosocial factors, life-style and attitude to menopause. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the view of the menopause as a developmental phase associated with an increased self-awareness and a stronger personal identity. More than half the women held a positive view of the menopause, whereas the remaining proportion of women had either a negative or a neutral attitude. Only vasomotor symptoms and joint pain were associated with postmenopausal status. Other symptoms were significantly related to psychosocial factors, life-style and attitude to menopause.

Affect↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of the relationship between depression and fibromyalgia syndrome: why aren't all patients depressed?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) and depression by determining the set of factors that differentiate FM patients with and without depressive disorders. METHODS: A sample of 69 patients with FM underwent a standardized tender point examination and a semistructured psychological interview and completed a set of self-report inventories. RESULTS: Of the sample, 39 met criteria for depressive disorder and 30 did not. Depressed patients with FM were significantly more likely to live alone, report elevated functional limitations, and display maladaptive thoughts than nondepressed patients. Nondepressed patients were significantly more likely to have received prior physical therapy than depressed patients. Pain severity, numbers of positive tender points, and pain intensity of tender points and control points did not differentiate the depressed and nondepressed patients. Discriminant analysis revealed that living status, the perception of functional limitations, maladaptive thoughts, and physical therapy treatment together identified diagnoses of depressive disorders for 78% of the patients. CONCLUSION: Concurrent depressive disorders are prevalent in FM and may be independent of the cardinal features of FM, namely, pain severity and hypersensitivity to pressure pain, but are related to the cognitive appraisals of the effects of symptoms on daily life and functional activities.

Depression↗
PubMed1976

A potential young murderer.

Longitudinal study of six people who committed homicides or exhibited a potential for homicidal behavior was undertaken over a period of ten years. The data were obtained through psychiatric interviews, psychological testing, and examination of all available records. The material thus obtained was analyzed from the psychoanalytic point of view. Three specific points were identified as being common and applicable to a lesser or greater degree in all six cases studied. First, as children each of these six people suffered actual physical abuse perpetrated by their parents. Second, they actually saw during childhood violent and destructive behavior by their parents. Third, the sequelae of such exposure to violence interfered with the phase specific resolution of the basic conflicts of childhood, specifically Oedipus complex. These traumata of violence set up a predisposition for regression to the preoedipal levels of psychic organization and functioning. From the structural point of view, ego functions of impulse control were lacking due to profound states of regression whenever these patients experienced extreme anger, which in turn would precipitate homicidal behavior. None of the patients had childhood history of pyromania, enuresis, nor cruelty to animals. On the basis of the aforegoing material, one may conclude that in some instances it is possible to establish "homicidal proneness" as a clinical entity. Homicidal proneness can be anticipated in people who as children suffered from physical and emotional abuse, witnessed violence, and were sexually traumatized through incestuous experiences or their equivalents.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Development of approaches to enhancing of patient adherence to antivirus therapy in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection].

AIM: To study approaches to enhancing adherence of HIV-infected patients receiving antiretrovirus therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 25 patients (including 3 females) aged 18 to 45 years receiving VAART (fortovasa + norvir + videx, and viramun) were examined. While treating the patients, group classes were conducted to enhance their adherence to the therapy, followed by individual consultations in order to consolidate the obtained effect. The adherence to the therapy was rated by the patients' self-reports. RESULTS: There was an increase in the activity and openness of those who attended group classes and positive changes in their self-assessment. Approaches to enhancing adherence and a model of school for HIV-infected individuals were developed. CONCLUSION: It has been shown that a combination of patients' awareness of different HIV-infection-associated problems with consulting allows treatment motivation to be increased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effects of method on participants and disclosure rates in research on sensitive topics.

This study replicates and extends the research of Rosenbaum, Rabenhorst, Reddy, Fleming, and Howells, which also appears in this special issue. Responses from 398 randomly assigned participants regarding differentially sensitive topics were collected via four methods of data collection: written questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, and an automated telephonic data collection system (ATDC). Several significant differences in data collection methodology and topic area were found, including greater disclosure of sensitive information via the ATDC system than via face-to-face and paper-and-pencil conditions. Participants who were assigned to the ATDC condition felt significantly more comfortable answering questions compared to those in the face-to-face interview condition. Participants in the telephone interview condition reported answering significantly more carefully than participants answering via written questionnaire. Taken together, the results of this study and the previous one it replicates suggest that the ATDC produces disclosure rates that are at least equivalent to, if not greater than, those generated using traditional methods for collecting sensitive data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Validity of the Italian telephone version of the mini-mental state examination in the elderly healthy population.

The biggest challenge regarding cognitive prospective evaluations in the elderly is the identification of subjects that go on to develop cognitive impairment. In this study, we compared the Italian telephone version of the MMSE (Itel-MMSE) with both the MMSE and a battery of neuropsychological tests in a group of 107 healthy elderly subjects. The aim of the study was to identify a subset of subjects who, despite having an overall score within the normal range, performed poorly in the cognitive neuropsychological evaluation. The Itel-MMSE score showed a good internal consistency as well as a significant correlation with the MMSE score, age and education. A score of < or = 21 on the Itel-MMSE was the score which reflected the highest degree of sensitivity in the neuropsychological tests. There was a statistically significant difference between subjects with an Itel-MMSE score of < or = 21 and those with a score of 22 in age, education, Attentional Matrices and Copying Drawings. Despite some potential limitations, our results strongly suggest that the Itel-MMSE may be used as a screening test to identify healthy elderly subjects whose cognitive performance is poor.

Aged↗
PubMed2007

[Development of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS) in Japanese].

In recent years, population of elder people has increased in Japan, following augmentation of the number of people with dementia in Japan. Then it is important to detect cognitive impairment in early stage for adequate treatment, care and prevention. We studied 135 subjects, 49 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 86 healthy controls using Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS), and developing Japanese version of the TICS (TICS-J). The sensitivity and the specificity of the TICS-J to differentiate AD patients from healthy controls was 98.0% and 90.7%, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficiency between the TICS-J and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was 0.858 (p < 0.001). On the receiver operating curves, the area under the curve for the TICS-J was 98.7% (95% CI: 97.5%-100%). These results indicate that TICS-J is sensitive and specific instrument for differentiating AD patients from healthy controls.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

[Delivery and coma: where is my child?].

In three cases of parturition by Caesarean during a coma (provoked by eclampsia for both of them), the resumption of the quotidian activities for the three women at the time of the return at home was comprised by disorder states and nocturnal psychomotor agitation. Investigation and psychological interviews are focused on the emptiness (of words, representations, sensibilities) which surrounded the parturition during the coma.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Diagnosis of erectile impotence].

In patients with erectile dysfunction (ED), the diagnostic procedure depends on the efficiency of the method and the implications of the results for treatment. The procedures to be considered can be integrated into a flowchart. Following screening by means of intracavernous drug injection the etiology can be classified with an adequate degree of certainty into one of three main groups. A preliminary diagnosis of nonvascular ED can be confirmed by psychological (interview, psychometric tests) and neurophysiological investigations. An arterial etiology can be confirmed by Doppler ultrasonography or, if revascularization is planned, by arteriography. A venous-type ED with a high MF value on cavernosonography is suspicious of an obstructive arteriopathy. Measurement of the systemic-penile occlusion pressure gradient appears to be a sensitive test for the examination of patients with ED of vascular etiology and should be carried out before the treatment is planned.

Erectile Dysfunction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Personal identity and multiple personality].

The present study analyses the internal organization of self concepts in a woman who meets the DSM III criteria of multiple personality disorder. The aim of this single case study, was to assess the personal identity of this patient, the degree of internal coherence and the hierarchical structure of the descriptions of self and others in the frame of cognitive theories of personality. After the clinical observation, the experimental procedure is presented. It consists in asking the patient to describe her different roles or alternated personalities (N = 12), as well as the target persons of her familial and social environment (N = 8) on the basis of a preestablished list of adjectives (extracted from the 16 P.F. Cattell sphere of personality). The factorial analysis of the contingency table: traits attributed x persons described shows a Guttman like hierarchical structure. Similarities and differences between the descriptions can be ordered on a unidimensional order, the multiple roles or personalities being no more complex nor simple than the target persons. The present results have been discussed in reference to cognitive theories of personality and their utility in studying personal identity and multiple personality.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Erectile dysfunction: a multidisciplinary approach].

In 1985, a multidisciplinary investigation was carried out on 134 patients suffering from erectile dysfunction (mean age 37.5 years). The study comprised medical and sexual history, physical examination, laboratory tests, psychological interview and psychometrics, nocturnal penile-tumescence (NPT) measurements, bulbocavernosus-reflex (BCR) latency, and penile Doppler sonography. If indicated, we performed additional autoinjection of the corpus cavernosum (CCAT) with vasoactive agents, dynamic cavernosography, and bilateral selective pudendal arteriography. Thus we found an organic cause in 85% of the cases, revealing a vascular disease in 76%.

Adult↗