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Results for “Large Language Models”

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PubMed2001

Genetic and environmental influences on orthographic and phonological skills in children with reading disabilities.

Data from identical and fraternal twins were analyzed to estimate the proportions of genetic and environmental influences on group deficits in accuracy and, when available, speed for printed word recognition and for related skills in phonological decoding (PD), orthographic coding (OC), and phoneme awareness (PA). In addition, bivariate genetic analyses were employed to estimate the degree of common genetic influence on group deficits across these different reading and language skills. About half of the group deficits in each of the skills were due to genetic influences, and the genetic origins were largely shared among the measures (r(g) = .53 - .99), except for those between OC and PA (r(g) = .28 - .39). Implications of the results are discussed for models of reading disability and remediation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Use of the Unified Medical Language System in patient care at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center.

The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) project at the United States National Library of Medicine contains and organizes a large number of terms from controlled medical vocabularies. This study examines the suitability of the UMLS for representing patient care information as it exists in the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center (CPMC) clinical information system. Comparisons were made between the semantic types, semantic relations and medical concepts of the UMLS and the data model entities, semantic classes, semantic relations and concepts in the CPMC system. Results of the comparison demonstrate that the UMLS structural model is appropriate for representing CPMC vocabularies and patient data and that the UMLS concepts provide excellent coverage of CPMC concepts in many areas. Recommendations are made for enhancing UMLS structure to provide additional coverage of the CPMC model. It is concluded that content expansion to provide better coverage of clinical terminology is possible within the current UMLS model.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed1985

On the nature of the verbal memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease.

Verbal memory was investigated in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) with previously documented deficits in word production and comprehension. Procedures were employed to evaluate word recall and recognition within the context of both "multistore" and "levels of processing" models of memory. In addition, memory abilities were evaluated with respect to performance on measures of verbal fluency and language comprehension. As expected, the AD patients performed significantly worse than normal individuals on all tasks. However, in each experiment their pattern of recall across conditions was found to be qualitatively similar to that produced by normal subjects. It was argued that the memory impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease may be largely due to an inability to encode a sufficient number of stimulus features or attributes. Furthermore, this encoding deficit includes, but is not limited to, semantic attributes. Similarities between the performance of the AD patients and reported findings with Korsakoff patients and normal subjects with "weak" memory were discussed.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Semantic integration in sentences and discourse: evidence from the N400.

In two ERP experiments we investigated how and when the language comprehension system relates an incoming word to semantic representations of an unfolding local sentence and a wider discourse. In Experiment 1, subjects were presented with short stories. The last sentence of these stories occasionally contained a critical word that, although acceptable in the local sentence context, was semantically anomalous with respect to the wider discourse (e.g., Jane told the brother that he was exceptionally slow in a discourse context where he had in fact been very quick). Relative to coherent control words (e.g., quick), these discourse-dependent semantic anomalies elicited a large N400 effect that began at about 200 to 250 msec after word onset. In Experiment 2, the same sentences were presented without their original story context. Although the words that had previously been anomalous in discourse still elicited a slightly larger average N400 than the coherent words, the resulting N400 effect was much reduced, showing that the large effect observed in stories depended on the wider discourse. In the same experiment, single sentences that contained a clear local semantic anomaly elicited a standard sentence-dependent N400 effect (e.g., Kutas &Hillyard, 1980). The N400 effects elicited in discourse and in single sentences had the same time course, overall morphology, and scalp distribution. We argue that these findings are most compatible with models of language processing in which there is no fundamental distinction between the integration of a word in its local (sentence-level) and its global (discourse-level) semantic context.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Genetic relatedness of lymphoid malignancies. Transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia as a model.

OBJECTIVE: Studies concerning the genetic relatedness between chronic lymphocytic leukemia and the more aggressive B-cell cancers that develop in about 10% of affected persons were reviewed. These B-cell cancers include large B-cell lymphoma (the Richter syndrome), prolymphocytic transformation, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and multiple myeloma. Two possible relations were evaluated: development from the chronic lymphocytic leukemia clone (clonal evolution) and development of a genetically unrelated, independent second cancer. DATA SOURCES: An English-language medical literature search was done using MEDLINE (1982 to 1992) and CANCERLIT (1982 to 1992). An extensive manual search of the literature that included meeting abstracts and reports was also done. Approximately 500 articles, abstracts, and book chapters were identified; 102 were selected for detailed analysis. DATA ANALYSIS: Analysis of genetic relatedness between the two cancers considered concordance for immunoglobulin gene rearrangements, for immunoglobulin isotypes and idiotypes, and for cytogenetic abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: In the case of large B-cell lymphoma, generally thought to arise from the chronic lymphocytic leukemia clone, approximately one half of the patients had genetically unrelated cancers. In prolymphocytic transformation, all cases studied appeared to evolve from the chronic lymphocytic leukemia clone. The few studies of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and multiple myeloma showed genetic relatedness in some cases and unrelatedness in others. These data indicate that progression to more aggressive B-cell cancers in persons with chronic lymphocytic leukemia can result from either clonal evolution or from an independent transforming event.

Burkitt Lymphoma↗

PubMed1993

A proposal to provide care to the uninsured through a network of community health centers.

While a national health insurance plan is needed, this alone will not provide access for approximately 30 million persons who face geographic, cultural, language, or health care system barriers, or who live in areas with provider shortages. These barriers often coexist with lack of insurance coverage, but they also affect millions who have public, or even private, coverage. Moreover, large segments of this population suffer from health problems not adequately addressed by the traditional medical model: teenage pregnancy, AIDS, injury, substance abuse, and the like. To provide appropriate care for these underserved persons, we propose to expand the existing network of community health centers over the next 10 years to a total of approximately 3,000. Such an expansion would provide a cost-effective approach to improving provider distribution, increasing consumer input, combining personal health services with health promotion, and removing both financial and nonfinancial barriers to care. This model can be implemented either independent of or in conjunction with other health care system reform efforts.

Community Health Centers↗

PubMed2002

Does being bilingual in English and Chinese influence responses to Quality-of-Life scales?

BACKGROUND: It is not known if the inclusion of bilinguals affects the results of research using Quality-of-Life (QoL) scales. OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of bilingualism on responses to a QoL scale. RESEARCH DESIGN: In this cross sectional study, a population-based, disproportionately stratified random sample of monolingual and bilingual ethnic Chinese completed the Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) in English or Chinese (representing an alphabet and pictogram based language respectively). Cumulative logit regression models were used to assess the influence of bilingualism on SF-36 scores, while adjusting for the influence of questionnaire language and known determinants of QoL. RESULTS: English or Chinese SF-36 versions were completed by 1331 and 1380 subjects respectively (49% female, aged 21-65 years, 1366 bilingual, 501 English monolingual, 844 Chinese monolingual), with response rates exceeding 85%. Fifty percent of subjects were bilingual. Bilinguals differed from monolinguals in known determinants of QoL, being younger, better educated, and having fewer chronic medical conditions, and had SF-36 scores up to 8 points higher than monolinguals. After adjusting for these differences, bilingualism did not influence scores for any of eight SF-36 scales, whereas questionnaire language influenced scores for four scales. Use of the English SF-36 was associated with higher scores for General Health, Vitality, Role Emotional and Mental Health Scales (odds ratios 1.35-1.41), though the magnitude of these odds ratios suggests this association may not be clinically important. CONCLUSION: Bilingualism did not influence responses to a QoL scale in this large, population-based study of subjects fluent in an alphabet and/or pictogram based language.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

A genome scan for developmental dyslexia confirms linkage to chromosome 2p11 and suggests a new locus on 7q32.

Developmental dyslexia is a distinct learning disability with unexpected difficulty in learning to read despite adequate intelligence, education, and environment, and normal senses. The genetic aetiology of dyslexia is heterogeneous and loci on chromosomes 2, 3, 6, 15, and 18 have been repeatedly linked to it. We have conducted a genome scan with 376 markers in 11 families with 38 dyslexic subjects ascertained in Finland. Linkage of dyslexia to the vicinity of DYX3 on 2p was confirmed with a non-parametric linkage (NPL) score of 2.55 and a lod score of 3.01 for a dominant model, and a novel locus on 7q32 close to the SPCH1 locus was suggested with an NPL score of 2.77. The SPCH1 locus has previously been linked with a severe speech and language disorder and autism, and a mutation in exon 14 of the FOXP2 gene on 7q32 has been identified in one large pedigree. Because the language disorder associated with the SPCH1 locus has some overlap with the language deficits observed in dyslexia, we sequenced the coding region of FOXP2 as a candidate gene for our observed linkage in six dyslexic subjects. No mutations were identified. We conclude that DYX3 appears to be important for dyslexia susceptibility in many Finnish families, and a suggested linkage of dyslexia to chromosome 7q32 will need verification in other data sets.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed1993

A graphical user interface to facilitate patient-specific drug dosing.

This paper describes the development of a graphical user-interface (GUI) designed to facilitate the process of generating patient-specific drug doses using bayesian modelling software. The graphical user interface was developed in Visual Basic (Microsoft, Inc.) and runs under the Windows 3.1 (Microsoft, Inc.) operating system. Patient demographic data are stored in a relational database (Access, Microsoft, Inc.). The GUI and the database communicate via dynamic data exchange links. The largely object-oriented nature of the language allowed us to change the entire look and feel of the system with a few simple changes to the underlying code. Use of the relational database to store patient demographic information allows greater flexibility in searching for and displaying patient specific information. The GUI reduces the time required to enter data. The prototype has allowed us to experiment with different presentation methods, greatly improving the clinical acceptance of the dosing programs.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed2002

The lexical properties of the gene ontology.

The Gene Ontology (GO) is a construct developed for the purpose of annotating molecular information about genes and their products. The ontology is a shared resource developed by the GO Consortium, a group of scientists who work on a variety of model organisms. In this paper we investigate the nature of the strings found in the Gene Ontology and evaluate them for their usefulness in natural language processing (NLP). We extend previous work that identified a set of properties that reliably identifies natural language phrases in the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). The results indicate that a large percentage (79%) of GO terms are potentially useful for NLP applications. Some 35% of the GO terms were found in a corpus derived from the MEDLINE bibliographic database, and 27% of the terms were found in the current edition of the UMLS.

Genes↗

PubMed2003

Early setting of grammatical processing in the bilingual brain.

The existence of a "critical period" for language acquisition is controversial. Bilingual subjects with variable age of acquisition (AOA) and proficiency level (PL) constitute a suitable model to study this issue. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the effects of AOA and PL on neural correlates of grammatical and semantic judgments in Italian-German bilinguals who learned the second language at different ages and had different proficiency levels. While the pattern of brain activity for semantic judgment was largely dependent on PL, AOA mainly affected the cortical representation of grammatical processes. These findings support the view that both AOA and PL affect the neural substrates of second language processing, with a differential effect on grammar and semantics.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Web-based educational tool for cleft lip repair using XVL.

Recent web-based technologies have brought a variety of new possibilities to the field of medical information. Nevertheless, transferring 3D patient models through usual low-band-width networks is difficult because of the large size of data file. XVL (eXtensive VRML with Lattice), a new framework for 3D Data representation with high quality surface shape, has solved this problem. In cooperation with Lattice Technology Inc., we have created XVL-formatted patient 3D models. The XVL model takes less than 100 kilobytes, whereas the same quality model in Virtual Reality Modeling Language(VRML) format requires more than 5 megabytes. Because of the many advantages of XVL, we have created a 3D web-based educational tool for repair of cleft lip--plastic surgery for congenital defects of the lips that requires complex incisions and reconstruction. Our system can interact with the model and 3D visualization of the incision lines, displacement of skin flaps, and suturing. Our educational tool for cleft lip repair has demonstrated that the XVL model and its web-based application can open up new possibilities for 3D medical information systems. We are currently refining the XVL model and developing XVL-based applications to simulate the actual surgery on the World Wide Web.

Cleft Lip↗

PubMed2002

Java Web Simulation (JWS); a web based database of kinetic models.

Software to make a database of kinetic models accessible via the internet has been developed and a core database has been set up at http://jjj.biochem.sun.ac.za/. This repository of models, available to everyone with internet access, opens a whole new way in which we can make our models public. Via the database, a user can change enzyme parameters and run time simulations or steady state analyses. The interface is user friendly and no additional software is necessary. The database currently contains 10 models, but since the generation of the program code to include new models has largely been automated the addition of new models is straightforward and people are invited to submit their models to be included in the database.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed2003

The Database of Quantitative Cellular Signaling: management and analysis of chemical kinetic models of signaling networks.

MOTIVATION: Analysis of cellular signaling interactions is expected to pose an enormous informatics challenge, perhaps even larger than analyzing the genome. The complex networks arising from signaling processes are traditionally represented as block diagrams. A key step in the evolution toward a more quantitative understanding of signaling is to explicitly specify the kinetics of all chemical reaction steps in a pathway. Technical advances in proteomics and high-throughput protein interaction assays promise a flood of such quantitative data. While annotations, molecular information and pathway connectivity have been compiled in several databases, and there are several proposals for general cell model description languages, there is currently little experience with databases of chemical kinetics and reaction level models of signaling networks. RESULTS: The Database of Quantitative Cellular Signaling is a repository of models of signaling pathways. It is intended both to serve the growing field of chemical-reaction level simulation of signaling networks, and to anticipate issues in large-scale data management for signaling chemistry. AVAILABILITY: The Database of Quantitative Cellular Signaling is available at http://doqcs.ncbs.res.in. Links to the signaling model simulator, GENESIS/Kinetikit are at http://www.ncbs.res.in/~bhalla/kkit/index.html and are also provided from within the database. The database source code is available under the GNU Public License.

Abstracting and Indexing↗

PubMed1994

MD Concept: a model for integrating medical knowledge.

Many integrated clinical information systems depend on large knowledge bases containing dictionary of terms as well as specific information about each term and the relationships between terms. We propose a knowledge base model called MD Concept which is based on a semantic network and uses an object-oriented paradigm and relational tables. A prototype has been developed which integrates the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) with other databases including the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED II), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IIIR) and a pharmaceutical database. We demonstrate how a user can easily navigate in this knowledge world using a browser.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1992

The role of automated speech recognition in endoscopic data collection.

Speech recognition technology has developed substantially in the past half decade. Currently, large vocabulary, speaker independent, discrete recognizers are the state-of-the-art. This will change. Moderate sized, continuous recognition systems now exist in research settings. However, it is unlikely that such systems will be widely available until the mid to late 1990's. The accuracy rates of current speech recognition systems are high. Consequently, speech accuracy is not the current limiting aspect of using ASR. The limiting aspect of using ASR technology is the approach to integrating speech functionality into applications. One approach is to use ATNs as models of natural language to support both an input strategy and a text generation system. ATNs provide approaches to both syntactical correctness and semantic richness. This is an approach which plays to the strengths of the discrete nature of current speech technology and also provides a methodology for the capture and archiving of highly detailed information. The ATN approach avoids the natural language parsing problem created by a fully free form dictation interface. Evolving along with the underlying speech technology are standards in the definitions and criteria used in endoscopic practice. There are clear benefits from standards in this area. However, it is likely that this will also take several years and may never yield a universally accepted lexicon. Furthermore, there will be user interface barriers to surmount in any system attempting to use speech as an input modality. Because of the relatively large vocabularies used in medical discourse, the user interface will need to be carefully crafted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Data Collection↗

PubMed1999

Communicative ability in an audiological perspective. Theory and application to post-secondary school students.

The underlying assumption in the present study is that the individual's speech and hearing communicative ability is composed of three components, each corresponding to different functional systems of the brain: afferent functions (A) represent the auditory activity and sound perception largely corresponding to activity in the ascending auditory pathways. The central functions (C) include cortical auditory and language abilities controlled in parts of the left temporal lobe and subcortical centres. The efferent functions (E) consist of speech motor processes and articulation. A test battery of 20 tests measuring several aspects of afferent, central and efferent functions was applied to 11 hearing-impaired post-secondary school students and several control groups. All data were normalized with the normal materials as references. Individual communicative profiles were obtained from these primary data, which consisted of audiometric tests (tone and speech audiometry, impedance tests, brainstem response audiometry and phase audiometry), sound environmental tests with hearing aids (directional speech-in-noise, word localization, sound environment identification test), and language tests (reading tests, prosody, auditory memory and recall, phonology and articulation). Since the central functions cannot truly and directly be determined in hearing-imparied subjects, they were assessed under optimal listening conditions. Furthermore, central functions were estimated according to three different models: distributive, parallel model (model 1), multiplicative, serial model (model 2) and compensatory model (model 3). On the basis of these models, a three-component description of the communicative ability consisting of A,C and E functions was obtained. It was found that C and E functions were largely independent of the adult afferent functions, but C functions were negatively correctly to hearing in childhood. A preliminary comparison between the tests and a comparison between the models was performed by predicting benefit of hearing aid. Model 3 gave the best prediction. Beyond the three-component A,C, and E characterization of the students, a total communicative ability score could be calculated giving values from 37% to 79% of the normal mean. On the basis of the conceptual and statistical analyses, the test battery could be reduced to include tone 0-12 years, tone adults, word localization test (afferent); word chain, lecture test (central), articulatory test (efferent) and audiovisual test. The simple algorithm of adding the normalized loss of afferent (peripheral) function to the normalized results of the acoustic central tests seems to be promising for isolation for the central auditory capacity even in cases with peripheral impairment. It is concluded that a wider perspective is desirable in the diagnostic evaluation of the hearing-impaired individual in order to understand his communicative abilities and form a cornerstone in the planning of rehabilitation in conjunction with social and psychological factors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

So what do you propose we use instead? A reply to Block.

Unfortunately, Block's brilliant critique is terribly biased, much like a legal brief that presents only one side of the issues at suit. It does not distinguish between the Big Five model of phenotypic personality attributes from alternative models of the causal underpinnings of personality differences. Ironically, it attempts to explain away the extensive evidence for the Big Five model as largely the result of data prestructuring, with no acknowledgement of the unique contribution of the lexical approach to minimizing such problems. Even more seriously, it omits a good deal of crucial evidence favorable to the Big Five model, including studies of Block's own Q-set and independent investigations of personality-related terms in other languages. Sadly, Block's closing suggestions provide little in the way of specific proposals for alternatives that he would have us use instead.

Factor Analysis, Statistical↗