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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Trunk extensor and flexor strength measured by the Cybex 6000 dynamometer. Assessment of short-term and long-term reproducibility of several strength variables.

STUDY DESIGN: Isokinetic trunk extensor and flexor strength (peak torque, total work, power acceleration time, and torque acceleration energy) at 30 degrees/sec, 120 degrees/sec, and 180 degrees/sec and isometric extensor and flexor peak torque were measured in 24 healthy women. Measurements were performed in three separate sessions at the same time of day and by the same experienced examiner. The number of days between Session 1 and Session 2 and between Session 1 and Session 3 ranged from 1 to 7 (median, 2 days) and from 23 to 48 (median, 32 days), respectively. The test results were not revealed before all sessions were completed. OBJECTIVES: To determine the intrasession, short-term, and long-term reproducibility of several trunk strength variables measured by the Cybex 6000 isokinetic dynamometer (Lumex, Inc., Ronkonkoma, NY). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Only few and insufficient data regarding the reproducibility of trunk strength measurements exist. Previous studies have focused on coefficients of correlation to express reproducibility. Correlations, however, are misleading and inappropriate for this purpose. The critical difference is the difference between two results that would be statistically significant when applied to a reference group in steady state. The critical difference in percentage is calculated as 2.77 X coefficient of variation (%). METHODS: Isokinetic dynamometry (Cybex 6000). Reproducibility was expressed as pooled coefficients of variation, individual coefficients of variation, and critical differences. RESULTS: Substantial between-subject variation of coefficients of variation was found for all strength variables; for example, the 80% central range for individual coefficients of variation for long-term reproducibility of extensor strength measurements at 30 degrees/sec ranged from 2.5% to 19.5%. Critical differences calculated using the pooled variances for long-term reproducibility were higher than 20% for all measures, mounting to 80% for acceleration time. CONCLUSIONS: Strength testing is of limited value in the individual subject because of considerable day-to-day variability. This finding has important clinical implications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Short-term and long-term evolution of deep vein thrombosis treated by a health care unit].

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common disease, with a high risk of complications persisting for years. Until recently, the treatment of this condition was on an hospitalary basis. Nevertheless, there is growing evidence suggesting an adequate management on an ambulatory basis with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Based upon these observations, and observational study was performed to determine short-term ad long-term complications of DVT treated by a Home Care Unit (HCU). METHODS: A total of 125 patients diagnosed of DVT by means of Doppler echography were treated on an ambulatory basis with subcutaneous nadroparine followed by oral anticoagulants (OAC) or LMWH alone, when a contraindication for acenocumarol use was present. The characteristics of the study population and their risk factors were studied, as well as the presence of bleeding or relapse during the acute period. Once the acute period with surveillance and treatment by the DHU was over, patients were followed at the Outpatient Clinics of the Internal Medicine Department. At each visit, the long-term complications were assessed: relapse, postflebitis syndrome (PFS), or death. RESULTS: The most common short-term complications were bleeding (3.2%) and relapse (7.3%). Eighteen percent of patients showed liver toxicity (increase of at least a 1.5 fold in the basal values of transaminases) secondary to the use of nadroparine. Nevertheless, this toxicity was mild in all cases and subsided when the medication was stopped. With a mean follow-up of 15.4 months, an overall 16.5% of patients relapsed, 25.8 % of patients had a PFS, and 23.7% of patients died. Death was associated with the presence of some risk factors (32.7% versus 7.69%; p = 0.004), and particularly when this risk factor was a tumor (75% versus 12%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Deep vein thrombosis is a condition associated with common complications, both in the acute period and in the long-term. Nevertheless, it can be treated safely and efficiently by a HCU. This disease is associated with a high risk of mortality, particularly because it is usually associated with severe diseases.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Is a series of blood pressure measurements by the general practitioner or the patient a reliable alternative to ambulatory blood pressure measurement? A study in general practice with reference to short-term and long-term between-visit variability.

We studied the reproducibility of a series of blood pressure measurements by general practitioner (GP) and patient in comparison with that of ambulatory blood pressure measurement (ABPM), with reference to short-term and long-term between-visit variability using a prospective, comparative diagnostic study. The study group was 88 potentially hypertensive primary care patients (initial systolic blood pressure [SBP] between 160 and 200 mm Hg or with diastolic blood pressure [DBP] between 95 and 115 mm Hg). ABPMs were measured on 2 separate days (at a 6 month interval). Two series of measurements by the doctor (at 1 to 6 month intervals), and the patient (at a 1 week interval) were measured. Mean differences and standard deviations of mean differences (SDD) between two successive series of measurements, and between two ABPMs were computed. The Wilcoxon signed-ranks test was used to compare these standard deviations. Mean initial office-blood pressures were 161 (SBP) and 102 (DBP) mm Hg. Long-term between-visit variability (measurements by GP) was larger than short-term between-visit variability: SDDs were 16 v 11 mm Hg (SBP), and 10 v 8 mm Hg (DBP). The differences in average SBP and DBP between successive ABPMs and between successive series of office measurements by GP and home measurements by patient were not statistically significant. Mean differences between two series of measurements by GP and patient, and between two ABPMs, were 0 +/- 1 mm Hg. SDDs between successive ABPMs and series of measurements by GP and patient ranged from 8 to 11 mm Hg (SBP), and were 6 mm Hg (DBP). No statistically significant differences were found between the SDDs of the studied measurement procedures (SBP and DBP). In our study the reproducibility of ambulatory blood pressure measurement was not found to be better than that of a series of four duplicate measurements by GP or patient. Long-term (6 months interval) between-visit variability was larger than the short-term (1 week interval) between-visit variability.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Alpha-vascular responses after short-term and long-term inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis.

Apart from the direct actions of nitric oxide (NO) on vascular smooth muscle, this factor may regulate cardiovascular functions through specific actions on alpha-adrenergic constrictor mechanisms. In this study we aim to establish whether the inhibition of the synthesis of this mediator could alter the vasoconstrictor responses mediated by alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation. We have been able to demonstrate that the blockage of the NO synthase really does exist, when both short- and long-term treatments with Nomega-nitro-Larginine methyl ester (L-NAME) are carried out. We have evaluated the concentration-dependent contractions induced by the selective alpha1-adrenoceptor agonists methoxamine and phenylephrine in isolated rat aorta rings in the following groups of animals: control, short-term L-NAME-treated (100 mg/kg i.p. 20 min before subjecting the animals to the experiments) and long-term L-NAME-treated (100 mg/kg per day in the drinking water for 7, 21, or 45 days). We have also evaluated the pressor responses to methoxamine and to the selective alpha-adrenoceptor agonist B-HT 920 using the pithed rat preparation in the same groups of animals. The contractile responses to methoxamine and phenylephrine were similar in the rat aorta preparations from control and short-term L-NAME-treated animals. On the contrary, in the rat aorta preparations from long-term L-NAME-treated animals these responses were clearly reduced when compared with the corresponding responses in those from control animals, the reduction being more marked when the treatment lasted longer. The pressor responses to methoxamine were also similar in control and short-term L-NAME-treated pithed rats. Nevertheless, the responses to B-HT 920 were greater in the latter. On the other hand, the dose-response curves to both alpha-adrenoceptor agonists were shifted to the right in a non-parallel manner in rats treated long term with L-NAME, the shift being, in the case of B-HT 920, more accentuated when the treatment lasted 21 or 45 days than when it lasted only 7 days. These results indicate that the short-term decrease in NO synthesis does not modify the vascular smooth muscle responses mediated by alpha1-adrenoceptor stimulation, but it does induce a potentiation of sympathetic vasoconstriction mediated by alpha2-adrenoceptors. Nevertheless, the long-term inhibition of NO synthesis causes a compensating decrease in the alpha1- and alpha2-vascular smooth muscle contractile responses.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of jobs, exposures, and mortality risks for short-term and long-term workers.

We compared the jobs, estimates of exposures, and mortality experience of short-term (less than or equal to 1 year) and long-term (greater than 1 year) workers from nine plants producing formaldehyde or formaldehyde products. There were few jobs that were filled solely or primarily by newly hired workers. The estimated median level of formaldehyde exposure experienced by short-term workers on their first job was nearly identical to that for long-term workers, although short-term workers were more likely to be in jobs exposed to particulates than were long-term workers. As duration of employment increased, there was little change in the average estimated exposure level of formaldehyde, but the likelihood of being exposed to particulates decreased. Short-term workers had greater risks than long-term workers of dying from diseases of the circulatory system, arteriosclerotic heart disease, emphysema, diseases of the digestive system, cirrhosis of the liver, motor vehicle accidents, suicide and malignant neoplasms, particularly cancers of the stomach, colon, lung, prostate, and brain.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1995

Short-term and long-term outcome following renovascular reconstruction.

Experience with renovascular reconstruction at the authors' institution over the past 16 years has been reviewed. A total of 76 patients underwent surgical intervention for renovascular disease during that time. This included 62 patients with atherosclerosis and 11 with fibromuscular hyperplasia. Indications for intervention were uncontrolled hypertension in 42 patients and to restore renal impairment in eight. The procedure was performed for both indications in 26 patients. Ten patients (13%) died in the perioperative interval, which correlated strongly with comorbidity. With the exception of one patient, all deaths occurred in the elderly (> 65 years). While an increased mortality rate (P < 0.05) was observed in those undergoing concomitant surgical procedures (20%) as opposed to those undergoing renovascular reconstruction alone (6%), this was not an independent risk factor. Both the short term and long term response of hypertension control to renovascular reconstruction were favourable, with age < 60 years, shorter duration of hypertension (< 5 years) and diagnosis of fibromuscular hyperplasia predictive of a better response. Renovascular reconstruction, while successful in stabilizing or even improving renal function in the short term, was poor at restoring function long term, especially in the subgroup of patients whose serum creatinine was > 200 mumol/l at the time of reconstruction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Short-term versus long-term chemoprevention of recurrence with Epodyl following transurethral resection of superficial urinary bladder cancer].

This investigation compares the short and long-term administration of intravesical Epodyl (etoglucid), following transurethral bladder tumor resection. This chemoprophylactic agent was used specifically in the treatment of bladder tumors that displayed different associated tumor risk factors: solitary versus multiple tumors, grade(s) I-III, primary versus recurrent tumors, and the presence of associated dysplasia. Within this study, 114 patients with carcinoma of the bladder underwent primary transurethral resection (TUR), followed in 10 days by short-term intravesical therapy (STIT) or long-term intravesical therapy (LTIT). Short-term intravesical therapy was administered to 56 patients. The therapy consisted of a 1% solution of Epodyl, which was given once per week for 6 weeks. Long-term intravesical therapy was given to 58 patients. This consisted of the short-term intravesical therapy protocol, followed by an additional dose once a month during an observation period of 2 years. The follow-up in both groups was for a minimum of 2 years. When the total number of recurrences in patients receiving (STIT) or (LTIT) was compared, no marked differences were noted (39% vs 38%). However, there was a difference when the individual tumor risk features were compared, e.g. for solitary tumors, the recurrence rate was 67% within the (STIT) group and 43% within the (LTIT). These results demonstrate that the decision of whether superficial bladder carcinomas are to be treated with short- or long-term Epodyl should be based on tumor-associated risk factors. Furthermore, if multiple tumor risk factors are present, maximal therapy is require; in the absence of risk factors TUR alone may be sufficient.

Administration, Intravesical↗
PubMed2001

Short-term and long-term survival studies in Rana tigrina tadpoles with reference to methyl parathion toxicity.

Toxicity of methyl parathion was studied on survival of Rana tigrina tadpoles. The LC50 values for short-term (upto 96 h) and long term studies (hatching to froglet) were determined. The LC50 values for 96 h and the total larval period were 4.36 and 1.30 ppm respectively. The toxicity of methyl parathion enchanced in relation to increase in concentration and duration. Teratological defects such as scoliosis and failure in emergence of fore limb were noticed. Safe levels were calculated for short-term (0.1 ppm) and long-term (0.03 ppm) studies. The present work stresses the neccessity of long term study especially for the developing amphibians.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The effects of a secondary-treated bleached kraft mill effluent on aquatic organisms as assessed by short-term and long-term laboratory tests.

The chronic effects of secondary-treated effluent from a bleached kraft mill were assessed by means of long-term and short-term laboratory tests. In the long-term test, the effects of the effluent on the life cycle of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were studied. In this experiment, which began with the egg stage and continued through to sexual maturity and reproduction, the fish were exposed in the laboratory to well water (control) and five concentrations (viz., 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20%) of effluent for 275 days. The effluent concentrations did not significantly affect the hatching of the eggs, the mortality of the hatched fish, the incidence of visible morphological abnormalities, the mortality and the hatchability of the first generation eggs and larvae, and the weights of minnows at various stages of development. Based on a conservative evaluation of the data, a significant finding of this work was that effluent concentrations > or = 2.5% caused lower egg production as well as changes in the gender balance (i.e., increased numbers of individuals with male secondary sexual characteristics) of the fish. Further work is required to understand the causes and ecological significance of these findings. Two short-term tests, each lasting 7 days, were also run. In one, even 100% effluent did not reduce the survival or growth of minnow larvae, correctly predicting the lack of effluent effects on similar endpoints in the long-term test. In the other short-term test, while the survival of Ceriodaphnia was also unaffected by 100% effluent, their reproductive capacity was reduced, but only at effluent concentrations an order of magnitude greater than those affecting the reproduction of minnows in the long-term test.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The endocrine pancreas in non-diabetic rats after short-term and long-term treatment with the long-acting GLP-1 derivative NN2211.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and GLP-1 receptor agonists increase the beta-cell mass in rodent models of type 2 diabetes and enhance the proliferation rate of beta cells in vitro, while the long-term effect in vivo in non-diabetic animals is unknown. We studied the endocrine pancreas in non-diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats after short- and long-term treatment with NN2211, an acetylated long-acting derivative of GLP-1. Four groups of rats (n=6 for each group) received two daily injections with either NN2211 or vehicle for 1 or 6 weeks. NN2211-treated rats displayed a 10% lower body weight after both 1 week (p<0.001) and 6 weeks (p<0.005) of treatment. The mean beta-cell mass in NN2211-treated rats was increased by 19% after 1 week of treatment (p<0.05), but normalized after 6 weeks of treatment. No difference in alpha-cell mass, volume-weighted mean islet volume, or pancreas mass was found after 1 or 6 weeks of treatment. We conclude that NN2211 treatment of non-diabetic rats induces a sustained lower body weight, and an only temporary increase in the beta-cell mass, while the alpha-cell mass and the volume-weighted mean islet volume are unaffected by the treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effects of recombinant IL-3, GM-CSF, and G-CSF on proliferation of leukemic clonogenic cells in short-term and long-term cultures.

To further define the growth factors required for the in vitro proliferation of acute myeloblastic leukemic (AML) cells, we have compared the ability of recombinant interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to support growth of AML colony forming cells (AML-CFU). IL-3, GM-CSF, and G-CSF are active as single growth factors in short-term colony cultures and have additive effects when used in combination in some cases. The effects of these CSFs on the proliferation of AML cells in long-term-cell-suspension cultures were also investigated. These cultures provide an estimate of the "self-renewal" capacity and long-term proliferation potential of AML cells. There was considerably heterogeneity with regard to the effects of individual growth factors, but in general, IL-3, GM-CSF, and G-CSF promoted self-renewal of AML cells, and combinations tended to be more effective in supporting long-term survival of AML-CFU. There was evidence of gradual differentiation, but this was evident in control cells and did not appear to be accelerated by CSF treatment. These results of short-term and long-term cultures indicate that each of the CSFs tested can be used by AML cells to support proliferation. The lack of evidence that the CSFs enhance in vitro differentiation does not suggest they will be valuable as therapeutic differentiation agents.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1989

Contrasting peripheral short-term and long-term effects of converting enzyme inhibition in patients with congestive heart failure. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

To discover the underlying mechanisms involved in the beneficial long-term effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, we investigated the systemic and peripheral effects of short- and long-term ACE inhibition in patients with chronic heart failure. After assessing the short-term effects and dose titration with cilazapril, a new long-acting ACE inhibitor, 21 patients were randomized to receive either placebo or the ACE inhibitor. Seventeen patients completed the 3-month treatment. Central hemodynamic output, femoral blood flow (measured by thermodilution), oxygen saturation, and lactate and norepinephrine levels were determined simultaneously in the femoral vein and radial artery during treatment and after a 3-month rest and during symptom-limited bicycle exercise. Short-term ACE inhibition improved rest and exercise hemodynamic output, but it did not alter peak femoral blood flow, calculated leg oxygen consumption, or systemic oxygen uptake during exercise, despite significant reduction in femoral norepinephrine extraction and arterial angiotensin levels during exercise. In contrast, long-term ACE inhibition further improved exercise cardiac output and increased leg blood flow (from 2.3 to 2.9 l/min, p less than 0.05), leg oxygen consumption (from 277 to 403 ml/min, p less than 0.05), and systemic oxygen uptake (from 1,133 to 1,453 ml/min, p less than 0.05), whereas these variables remained unchanged with placebo treatment (p less than 0.02 between groups). Moreover, a moderate but significant increase in femoral oxygen extraction occurred after long-term therapy (ACE inhibitor: from 76% to 83%, p less than 0.05; placebo: from 75% to 74%, NS; p less than 0.01 between groups). We conclude that long-term ACE inhibition is clinically beneficial in that it improves blood flow to skeletal muscle during exercise over time. The long-term effects of ACE inhibition are, in part, probably related to peripheral (vascular) mechanisms, for example, by reversing the inability of peripheral vessels to dilate and by improving oxygen utilization.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed1983

The short-term and long-term soft-tissue profile changes accompanying mandibular advancement surgery.

To provide an improved data base for predicting the soft-tissue changes that accompany mandibular advancement surgery, short- and long-term serial cephalograms from the records of eighteen patients were analyzed. Hard- and soft-tissue landmarks were located on serial tracings and later were reduced to rectangular X-Y coordinates for computer-generated measurement data and statistical analyses. The interpretation of mean value, ratio, and regression equation data showed that the lower lip, inferior labial sulcus, and chin tissues moved forward and downward. The mandibular short-term (mean = 3.7 months postsurgery) horizontal change means were greater than the long-term (mean = 18 months postsurgery) horizontal change means. The posteriorly directed long-term means may result from functional adaptations that follow the short-term surgery-related spatial changes. These data also show the need for long-term prediction data to supplement the short-term data base.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed2002

A point mutant of GAP-43 induces enhanced short-term and long-term hippocampal plasticity.

The growth-associated protein GAP-43 (or neuromodulin or B-50) plays a critical role during development in mechanisms of axonal growth and formation of synaptic networks. At later times, GAP-43 has also been implicated in the regulation of synaptic transmission and properties of plasticity such as long-term potentiation. In a molecular approach, we have analyzed transgenic mice overexpressing different mutated forms of GAP-43 or deficient in GAP-43 to investigate the role of the molecule in short-term and long-term plasticity. We report that overexpression of a mutated form of GAP-43 that mimics constitutively phosphorylated GAP-43 results in an enhancement of long-term potentiation in CA1 hippocampal slices. This effect is specific, because LTP was affected neither in transgenic mice overexpressing mutated forms of non-phosphorylatable GAP-43 nor in GAP-43 deficient mice. The increased LTP observed in transgenic mice expressing a constitutively phosphorylated GAP-43 was associated with an increased paired-pulse facilitation as well as an increased summation of responses during high frequency bursts. These results indicate that, while GAP-43 is not necessary for LTP induction, its phosphorylation may regulate presynaptic properties, thereby affecting synaptic plasticity and the induction of LTP.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Perioperative dexamethasone treatment in childhood craniopharyngioma--influence on short-term and long-term weight gain.

The substitution of dexamethasone during and after surgery of childhood craniopharyngioma is necessary in order to treat and/or prevent brain edema and adrenal insufficiency. Early post-operative weight gain is a predictor for severe obesity during long-term follow-up. In a retrospective analysis of 60 patients with childhood craniopharyngioma we inquired whether dose and duration of perioperative dexamethasone therapy (n = 68) had influence on short-term post-operative weight gain and long-term development of severe obesity. The median follow-up period was 4.2 years, ranging from 1 to 9 years. 24 patients (14 f/10 m) developed severe obesity (BMI > 3 SD). 28 patients (10 f/18 m) retained normal weight (BMI < 2 SD). Eight patients presented with a BMI between 2 and 3 SD at the final visit. Differences in terms of age at surgery or follow-up period were non-detectable between the analyzed groups of craniopharyngioma patients. Duration and cumulative dexamethasone doses (mg/m2 BSA) for perioperative dexamethasone therapy were similar for severely obese patients (duration: 8.7 d; 4.5 - 17 d, cumulative dose: 74; 42 - 177 mg/m2 BSA) and normal weight patients (duration: 10.0 d; 1 - 41 d; dose: 76; 9 - 390 mg/m2 BSA). Whereas cumulative dexamethasone doses positively (p < 0.01; rho: 0.424) correlated with weight gain during the first year following surgery, long-term development of severe obesity was not influenced by dose and duration of perioperative dexamethasone treatment. Patients who developed severe obesity during follow-up had a higher (p < 0.001) BMI already at the time of diagnosis. We conclude that dose and duration of perioperative dexamethasone treatment had short-term effects on post-operative weight gain, but not on the development of long-term severe obesity. The results of our retrospective analysis are currently tested in a prospective surveillance study Kraniopharyngeom 2000 (www.kraniopharyngeom.com).

Adolescent↗