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PubMed1978

Macrophage secretion and the complement cleavage product C3a in the pathogenesis of infections by mycoplasmas and L-forms of bacteria and in immunity to these organisms.

Mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture exposed to Mycoplasma pulmonis show marked biochemical changes. This micro-organism induces the release of hydrolytic enzymes from macrophages. The release is time- and dose-dependent and is not associated with loss of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase or any other sign of cell death. Secretory products of macrophages may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory responses elicited by mycoplasma infections. One of the products of activated macrophages is the complement cleavage product C3a. Purified C3a was incubated with M. hominis, M. pulmonis, Proteus mirabilis and an L-phase variant of this organism. All mycoplasmas and the L-phase variant were lysed by low concentrations of C3a, whereas the bacterial form of Pr. mirabilis was resistant.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

[Development of anaesthetic technique for endolaryngeal surgery 1960--1976 (author's transl)].

In 1960 direct laryngoscopy in combination with general anaesthesia with relaxation and intermittent positive negative pressure ventilation via a smallbore blocker tube was introduced. When, in 1965, microlaryngoscopy was developed it was exclusively performed with this technique. Since 1960, 44, 464 ear, nose or throat operations were carried out. 3,305 (7.4%) were endolaryngeal operations. 943 of them were performed in surface analgesia. 2,363 microlaryngoscopic operations were done under general anaesthesia. 22.5 per cent of the patients were women and 77.5 per cent were men. Their age varied between 6 weeks and 86 years. 2.4 per cent were children under 6 years of age and 33 per cent were aged over 60 years. The main advantages of this method over "open laryngeal surgery" are: 1. it provides a large measure of safety for the patient since even old and obese persons with a rigid rib cage can be adequately ventilated; the cuff prevents aspiration; there is no danger of the patient waking up during relaxation since he is being kept ventilated with a mixture of nitrous oxide-oxygen and halothane. Ventilation via the blocker tube begins immediately after intubation and not, as in open jet ventilation, after insertion of the laryngoscope. 2. The surgeon and his team are not exposed to the risk of infection since, in contrast to the "open larynx" methods, the closed system effectively prevents the escape of pathogenic micro-organisms.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

[Standardised antibiotic therapy in major lung surgery (author's transl)].

Sputum and bronchial biopsies and smears were obtained from 221 patients who had undergone partial pneumonectomy without preceding antibiotic therapy. The results of 343 sputum examinations and of 126 bacteriological examinations of biopsies and smears were evaluated. Pathogenic bacteria were demonstrated in about 50% of the sputa and in about 25% of the biopsies and swabs. Anaerobic micro-organisms were extremely rare. Treatment was with tetracycline. Before antibiotic therapy Haemophilus influenzae, staphylococci and E. coli predominated, afterwards there were practically only staphylococci and Esch. coli. The incidence of primary resistance to the usual antibiotics was high, especially in respect of gram-negative organisms. The difference in incidence between primary and secondary resistance was one of degree. The least effective agents were ampicillin and amoxicillin, the most active were the aminoglycosides. Erycin proved satisfactory in infections with grampositive organisms while the cephalosporins were active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The development of resistance and the clinical picture suggest that "eradication" of the infection during the postoperative stage is not advisable as it causes the selection of more or less drug-resistant organisms. A more satisfactory approach is gradually to reduce the infection until the immediate postoperative stage is over. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of the sputum is important, as the choice of the appropriate antibiotic is determined by the result of gram-staining.

Aminoglycosides↗

PubMed1979

[Retinal detachment surgery: Incidence and causes of silicone sponge implant rejection].

In 51 patients with retinal detachments silicone sponge implants have been applicated. In 9 of these cases (17,6%) the implants had to be removed 3 weeks to 16 months postoperatively because of inflammatory reactions. The influence of these complications on the healing of the retinal detachment is considered as relatively unimportant. In light- and electron-microscopic examinations we could establish that the reactions are mainly caused by infections (which primarily spread within the caves of the sponge implants). Chronic infections caused by so-called apathogenic bacteria are more frequent than acute infections by so-called pathogenic micro-organisms. A foreign body reaction could be proved only in one case, in which the sponge was loosened and displaced. Defence reactions against the foreign body material probably develop only if mechanical irritation of the tissue is caused by the sponge material.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Microbial emission, immission and changes in the germ count in the cooling water during operation of wet cooling towers III. communication: laboratory tests for the determination of the reduction kinetics of Escherichia coli in cooling tower plumes (author's transl)].

The present paper reports on laboratory tests for the determination of the reduction rate of micro-organisms. The investigations were carried out with a pure culture of E. coli, a germ type from the enterobacterial group. By a suitable variation of the thermodynamic parameters it was possible to simulate the conditions through which the cooling tower plume passes inside the chimney of the cooling tower and when it mixes with ambient air. The results allow the following changes in the germ counts in the plume of a wet cooling tower to be expected: 1. As long as the cooling tower plume contains droplets, the capacity of the carried germs to form colonies does not change materially. 2. In the case of unsaturated plumes we must distinguish between two situations: a) The tests in which the germ suspension was sprayed into unsaturated air without any admixture of secondary air, did not demonstrate any dependence of the reduction rate on the relative humidity. b) In contrast to this, the tests in which the germ-carrying droplets were evaporated by admixing a stream of unsaturated secondary air, showed that the capacity to form colonies clearly decreased with diminishing relative air humidity. Case b) is of importance for the dissemination and immission of germs from cooling towers, because here, too, the visible plume initially laden with drops is dried by the admixture of unsaturated ambient air.

Escherichia coli↗

PubMed1977

Anti-microbial treatment for hospital carpets.

Seven commercial bactericides, three hospital disinfectants and one carpet finish were examined for their ability to show diffusible bactericidal activity in agar, their ability to prevent the multiplication of a known number of micro-organisms applied to the treated carpet and the occurrence or otherwise of odours after contamination of the carpet samples with food and secretions. None of the carpet bactericides tested showed any diffusible bactericidal activity, but some had a certain degree of effectiveness in suppressing odours.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1977

Antibacterial and anthelminthic properties of visnaginone and khellinone derivatives.

The compounds tested, derivatives of visnaginone and khellinone, showed antibacterial activity on gram negative and gram positive micro-organisms. Some of the compounds possess an antibacterial activity on some pathogenic bacteria, i.e. Brucella abortus, for which there is no remedy as yet. All the chalcones tested were inactive except Ib, which showed antiparasitic broad spectrum.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

[Immunological defence mechanisms and inflammation (author's transl)].

The interaction of immunological defence mechanisms and inflammation is reviewed. To begin with, those cells are discussed, which play a role in the immunological response, viz. the cells by which antigen is recognized (macrophages, B and T lymphocytes) and the effector cells (macrophages, plasma cells and sensitized T cells) and their products. Then, the cells involved in an inflammatory response (neutrophilic, eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes, mast cells) are discussed, attention also being paid to their products and functions. The fact is stressed that, initially, there is an inflammatory response, resulting in the formation of antigen-antibody complexes or interaction of antigens and lymphokines of sensitized T cells, inflammatory cells being subsequently attracted. Finally, a few instances are cited in support of the theory that both immunological defence mechanisms and the inflammatory response are important factors in the defences of the host against invading micro-organisms, parasites and tumour cells.

Antibody Formation↗

PubMed1979

[Cerebrospinal fistula tight closure of dural defects using surgical adhesives. A comparative experimental study (author's transl)].

In 3 cats artificial bony and dural defects of the posterior frontal sinus walls facing the frontal brain were closed with the help of a physiologic fibrin-based adhesive system (FAS) and a synthetic tissue adhesive (N-butylcyanoacrylate) in an attempt at comparing the relative merits and demerits of the 2 techniques. The bony and dural defects were partially covered with fascial tissue. Subsequently, the defects were sealed with adhesive using cyanoacrylate for the left frontal sinus and FAS for the right one. Unless healing was complicated by wound infection, fibrous tissue was found to have bridged the defects on either side 14 days after surgery, ensuring cerebrospinal fistula tight closure. Wound infection occurred in 2 cases involving the frontal sinuses closed with FAS. Micro-organisms had apparently been introduced from the respiratory tract and, in one case, spread to the contralateral frontal sinus treated with cyanoacrylate. Thus, the risk of infection associated with FAS appears to be higher than that of conventional techniques. Germ growth was found to be inhibited in vitro by adding an antibiotic to the FAS. For this reason, we would recommend the admixture of an antibiotic to the FAS whenever the adhesive is used in surgical fields which are exposed to infection. Further sutdies are needed to find the best suited antibiotic, its optimum dosage and mode of applications.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Problem of "biological compatibility" of crew members during prolonged space flight and possible directions for its solution].

The concept of biological compatibility of men can be defined as a phenomenon which includes an effect (that might be favorable or unfavorable) of one individuum on the other via trace amounts of chemicals released into their environment and micro-organisms. The paper presents the main results of studies of biological compatibility of crewmembers of space vehicles and outlines possible directions of research to be carried out in this area.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1979

[Soil as a reservoir of opportunistic mycostic agents].

We studied the soil as a reservoir of vegetable detritus, keratinous materials of birds, terrestrial animals and micro-organisms. In the last group we can mention the bacteria and fungi. We classified the opportunistic fungi in three groups: (1) parasites of plants or growing on the vegetable detritus; (2) geophylic dermatophytes; (3) pathogenic fungi that in some cases behave like opportunistic ones. In each group we studied the opportunistic fungi of the soil, their relations with it chemical and physical composition, the mycoflora and the role of animal habitats.

Arthrodermataceae↗

PubMed1979

Chromosomal aberrations induced by Dispersion Yellow 3 in Rana clamitans larvae during tail regeneration.

Azo dyes have been shown to be mutagenic and toxic in a variety of organisms. The azo dye, Dispersion Yellow 3 is a pollutant in the river water supply of Northern Georgia. Preliminary and definitive studies have indicated that it is mutagenic in micro-organisms and causes several malformations in chicken embryos. The present study revealed that when larvae are exposed to the dye during tail regeneration, several aberrations are seen in the squash preparations from regenerates. Included are gaps (the most frequent abnormality), dicentrics, rings and breaks. The data suggest that this azo dye deserves more detailed study to determine its mutagenicity.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

[Soil-hygienic points of view with respect to intensive plant production in socialistic agriculture (author's transl)].

With intensified plant production, also soil-hygienic points of view must be taken into account. Measures like fertilization, irrigation, and amelioration must be carried through in such a way that any damage to human health is excluded. As factors of risk have to be regarded pathogenous micro-organisms and parasites from sewage, sludge, and liquid manure, nitrate, potassium, pesticide residues, and heavy metals from agrochemicals and manure, as well as antibiotics from therapeutic and prophylactic treatments. The necessity of precise legal regulations emphasized.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1977

Torulopsis glabrata fungaemia. A report of two cases.

Two cases of Torulopsis glabrata fungaemia are presented. The literature on detection of micro-organisms in peripheral blood and on systemic T. glabrata infection is briefly reviewed. Microscopical examination of a buffy coat preparation, a simple and rapid procedure for diagnosing this condition, is described. A scheme of criteria which may be helpful in the diagnosis of clinically significant fungaemia is offered.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Cellular and humoral adjuvant activity of mistletoe extract.

The adjuvanticity of the mistletoe preparation Iscador was investigated. The cellular response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was augmented after intracutaneous immunization with antigen and different doses of Iscador. Iscador did not change the cellular response to 2 x 10(7) intraperitoneally administered SRBC. The IgM plaque forming cell response was accelerated and followed by an augmentation of the IgG and IgA plaque forming cell response. Evidence is presented that the immunogenic and inflammatory capacities of Iscador contribute to its adjuvant activity. Both micro-organisms and soluble, filter-adherent constituents in Iscador possess adjuvant activity. The relation between the immunostimulating properties of Iscador and its anti-tumour activity is discussed.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1976

Mycoplasma in tissue culture: overview of detection methods.

Mycoplasma contamination of tissue cultures is too costly, scientifically damaging and inappropriate, and perhaps, even medically hazardous to be ignored. Prevention by continuous surveillance demands adequate mycoplasma testing procedures. Despite a proliferation of indirect methods, the present consensus indicates that careful and extensive microbiological testing is still the cornerstone of any mycoplasma detection program. The finding of 'non-cultivable' or possible tissue-adapted micro-organisms plus the variability in microbiological expertise of many laboratories, makes the selection of at least one additional method imperative. At the present, though no one test will prove 100% satisfactory and selection should partly depend on available expertise, the method based on the ratio of the specific activities of incorporated radio-labelled uridine to uracil into RNA appears to be an acceptable choice due to its simplicity and general validity.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1977

Scanning electron microscopy of a bacterial infection of the human nasal mucosa.

Scanning electron micrographs of a bacterial infection of the human nasal mucosa indicate that the surface attachment of bacteria to epithelial cells is of significance for their pathogeneity in the airways. It is suggested that further scanning electron microscopic studies of natural and experimental infected human nasal mucosa can give valuable information about the initial interaction between micro-organisms and host cell and add to our understanding of airways infections.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

[Hygienic problems in intensive care units (author's transl)].

Microbiological tests have established that intensive care units act as a reservoir from which hospital infections spread. The mode of their spread is reviewed. The increased incidence of nosocomial infections to intensive care wards is attributable partly to deficient antisepsis and asepsis and partly to inadequate planning of the building and organization of these wards. Plans for two intensive care wards are put forward which would reduce the risk of contact, smear and air-borne infections. In the planning of these units greater attention than has so far been the case should be paid to preventing the spread of pathogenic micro-organisms.

Air Microbiology↗