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PubMed2004

Investigation of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma haplotype effect on meat quality and carcass traits in pigs.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) is a key transcription factor that controls adipocyte differentiation and fat deposition in mammals. The primary goal of this study was to investigate PPARG as a candidate gene for meat quality and carcass traits in swine. Part of the PPARG promoter, along with the most 5'-proximal exon of the gene, was amplified by PCR and subsequently screened for polymorphisms by sequencing. A Met59Val substitution was detected in the porcine PPARG gene along with four polymorphisms in the promoter region of the adipose-specific PPARG2. Three of these polymorphisms were chosen for genotyping and tested for association with meat quality, carcass and growth traits, according to the candidate gene approach. More than 1500 animals from different lines and populations were used in the study with records for meat quality and carcass traits. No convincing associations were found between the traits investigated and the PPARG genotypes. It does not appear that variation at the PPARG locus is affecting meat quality, carcass or growth traits in the pig populations studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

High-performance liquid chromatography of biogenic amines, derivatized with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate.

A procedure was elaborated for the analysis of three biogenic amines posing a considerable health hazard. The method takes advantage of the characteristics of the 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) derivative, namely specificity, stability and compatibility for either fluorescence or UV-absorbance detection. The FMOC-tyramine derivative was probably adsorbed to labware when acetone served as the solvent for FMOC. Methanol, substituted for acetone, removed this problem. Excellent linearity was obtained with standard solutions of tyramine, tryptamine and phenylethylamine. Meat samples, spiked with the mentioned amines, also showed good linearity. Perchloric acid was chosen for deproteinization, as potassium perchlorate may be eliminated on neutralization. Histamine failed to react with FMOC or was not detected under the test conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A mutation in PRKAG3 associated with excess glycogen content in pig skeletal muscle.

A high proportion of purebred Hampshire pigs carries the dominant RN- mutation, which causes high glycogen content in skeletal muscle. The mutation has beneficial effects on meat content but detrimental effects on processing yield. Here, it is shown that the mutation is a nonconservative substitution (R200Q) in the PRKAG3 gene, which encodes a muscle-specific isoform of the regulatory gamma subunit of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Loss-of-function mutations in the homologous gene in yeast (SNF4) cause defects in glucose metabolism, including glycogen storage. Further analysis of the PRKAG3 signaling pathway may provide insights into muscle physiology as well as the pathogenesis of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in humans, a metabolic disorder associated with impaired glycogen synthesis.

AMP-Activated Protein Kinases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutrition of allergic babies and children.

Atopic diseases of babies and children are frequent, disabilitating, chronic and even life-threatening. The currently available cow's milk (CM) substitutes for infants with CM allergy (CMA) are soy protein (SP) formulas (SPFs), hydrolyzed formulas (HF), and homemade meat-based formulas. However, in the past few years the antigenicity/allergenicity of SPFs has been over-emphasized in the medical literature. We have demonstrated that SPF allergy incidence in oral food challenge (OFC)/doubleblind food challenge (DBFC)-based epidemiological studies attains 3-4%. CM-based protein hydrolysates have provoked 200 severe and less severe reactions.

Dairy Products↗
PubMed1964

CHEMICAL SENSITIZATION OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM SPORES TO RADIATION IN MEAT.

Beef ground round inoculated with 1,000,000 spores of Clostridium botulinum 33-A per gram and containing various additives was exposed to gamma radiation. Spores were inactivated in samples (irradiated at 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 Mrad) which contained sodium nitrate (1,000 ppm) plus sodium chloride (2.5%). Similar results were obtained when sodium nitrite (200 ppm) was substituted for sodium nitrate, except that there was evidence of spore survival in 1 of 120 cans irradiated at 2.0 Mrad. Spore destruction was based upon the absence of spores and mouse-lethal toxin in meat subcultures made from cans incubated at 35 C for 120 days. Spores were not destroyed when exposed to 2.5 or 3.0 Mrad in the absence of sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, or sodium chloride. Furthermore, the use of these chemicals individually, together with radiation, was ineffective. The additives alone in the absence of radiation also did not cause spore destruction. Radiation levels of 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 Mrad, when used with sodium chloride at 1.5 or 2.0% and sodium nitrate at 500 ppm or sodium nitrite at 100 ppm, were ineffective.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Some factors that may alter consumption of animal products. A review.

Trends in consumption of animal products are discussed, including reasons for changes. Although consumption of some products has increased--notably that of broilers and beef--for other products, it has declined, i.e., total dairy products and eggs. Evidence shows that consumers desire a lower fat content in both meat and dairy products, although, in the case of meat, minimal levels are necessary for palatability. Overall, it is suggested that consumers are concerned with nutritional quality and are influenced by health-related concerns. The use of vegetable proteins as extenders and substitutes for animal proteins is reviewed, with the conclusion that they will continue to influence consumption of animal products.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diet and colorectal cancer: current evidence for etiology and prevention.

The etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) involves the interaction of cell molecular changes and environmental factors, with a great emphasis on diet components. But the paths connecting lifestyle characteristicas and the colorectal carcinogenesis remain unclear. Several risk factors are commonly found in western diets, such as high concentrations of fat and animal protein, as well as low amounts of fiber, fruits and vegetables. A large number of experimental studies have found a counteractive effect of fiber on neoplasia induction, especially in relation to fermentable fiber (wheat bran and cellulose). Epidemiological correlation studies have also indicated that a greater ingestion of vegetables, fruit, cereal and seeds is associated to a lower risk for colorectal neoplasia. Moreover, beneficial properties of fiber (especially from vegetable sources) were documented in more than half of case-control studies. Nevertheless, recent epidemiological data from longitudinal and randomized trials tended not to support this influence. Future research should evaluate what sources of fiber provide effective anti-neoplasic protection, carrying out interventional studies with specific fibers for longer periods. Red meat, processed meats, and perhaps refines carbohydrates are also implicated in CRC risk. Recommendantions to decrease red meat intake are well accepted, although the total amount and composition of specific fatty acids may have distinct roles in this setting. Current evidence favors the substitution of long and medium-chain fatty acids and arachidonic acid for short-chain fatty acids and eicosapentaenoic acid. Excess boy weight and excess energy intake inducing hyperinsulinemia have been also associated to CRC, as well as personal habits such as physical inactivy, high alcohol consumption, smoking and low consumption of folate and methionine. Thus, current recommendations for decreasing the risk of CRC include dietary measures such as increased plant food intake; the consumption of whole grains, vegetables and fruits; and reduced red meat intake.

Colorectal Neoplasms↗
PubMed2006

Essential and non-essential elements in eight tissue types from subsistence-hunted bowhead whale: nutritional and toxicological assessment.

OBJECTIVES: To assess essential/non-essential elements in bowhead whale. STUDY DESIGN: Analyzes of tissues for key elements and comparing them to published food guidelines. METHODS: Using national and international guidelines calculate percent (%) "Recommended Daily Allowance" of essential elements in 100 g portion of bowhead tissues. For non-essential elements, determine maximal tissue consumption based on average element concentrations and provisional tolerable weekly intake; and minimal risk level. RESULTS: Liver and kidney are rich in essential/non-essential elements and have the greatest concentration of cadmium (Cd) among tissues studied, while mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) are relatively low. Kidney of bowhead whale is consumed in very limited amounts (limited tissue mass compared to muscle and maktak); liver is consumed rarely. Other tissues, except blubber, are excellent sources of many essential elements, without the abundance of liver and kidney Cd. CONCLUSIONS: Renal Cd concentrations are most restrictive for consumption on a tissue mass basis. Better understanding of Cd bioavailability, food processing, and actual consumption rates and patterns, are critical to providing improved guidance. Compared to store-bought meat, bowhead whale had comparable concentrations of elements in the tissues studied, with a few noted differences. The occasional blubber substitute, Crisco, was nearly devoid of trace element content.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1977

Collaborative study of modified AOAC method of analysis for nitrite in meat and meat products.

A modified version of the AOAC method of analysis for nitrite in meat and meat products was tested collaboratively by 23 laboratories. Results were compared with those obtained by the official AOAC method. Recommended modifications include: (a) substitution of N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine and sulfanilamide for Griess reagent, (b) separate addition and 1:10 dilution of the above reagents, (c) 20 min color development and absorbance read at 540 nm, (d) substitutionstitution of NaNO2 for AgNO2 and NaCL, (e) omission of mercuric chloride, (f) screening of filter paper for nitrite contamination, (g) more precise dilution of sample aliquot, and (h) standard curve linear up to 10 microng N/50 ml. Results were statistically treated by Youden's technique for comparing 2 methods, using a matched pair sample scheme. The random error for the modified method was significantly lower than the random error for the official method. A t-test showed no difference in bias between the 2 methods.

Colorimetry↗
PubMed2006

Identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 5' end and exons of the PRKAG3 gene in Hubbard White broiler, Leghorn layer, and three Chinese indigenous chicken breeds.

5'-AMP-activated protein kinase plays an important role in regulating the level of ATP in the presence of metabolic stress. Previous studies revealed that polymorphisms in 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase gamma 3 subunit (PRKAG3) gene are associated with meat quality in pigs. In the present study, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5'-end and exons of chicken PRKAG3 gene were identified with the method of single-strand conformation polymorphism in Hubbard ISA White broiler, Leghorn layer, and three Chinese indigenous chicken breeds, Tibet Chicken, Shouguang Chicken and Beijing Yellow Chicken. Two SNPs in the 5'-end of the gene and 10 SNPs in exons 3, 4, 9 and 11, of which three caused amino acid substitutions, were identified in the PRKAG3 gene of the five chicken breeds. The results will facilitate further study on the association between the mutations of PRKAG3 and chicken meat quality.

5' Flanking Region↗
PubMed1986

Distribution and management of cattle in relation to climatic zones within North America.

The United States has a diversity of climates, as noted earlier. Although one can describe, as was done here, a grid of zones based on average temperature, rainfall, and terrain, the complexity of climates within these zones based on elevation, rainfall, and temperature requires much closer evaluation. The practicing veterinarian or animal husbandman must evaluate the specific climatic conditions prevailing on the farm or ranch in question and integrate the components of that climate into the management or health practices to be recommended. There is no substitute for careful observation.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1982

[Stomach secretion and excretion in mineralocorticoid deficiency].

Experiments on dogs were made to perform bilateral adrenalectomy and substitution therapy with hydrocortisone. Juice and acid secretion and neutral red excretion were found to be lowered after stimulation of secretion by meat and histamine. Excretion of ammonia after meat stimulation decreased, while after histamine administration it remained unchanged.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed2002

Toxic potency of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in food samples from Catalonia (Spain).

A surveillance program on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in 29 foodstuff samples produced all over the four provinces in Catalonia (Spain) is presented. The study included the analyses of milk, egg, meat (beef, chicken, and pork), mussel, and olive oil samples. A previously developed method for the simultaneous analysis of the 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs/PCDFs and the dioxin-like PCBs, as well as the indicator PCBs, was employed. Total toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values were calculated using the toxicity equivalent factors (TEFs) proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for dioxin-like PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs. The TEQ(PCDD/F) levels were below the limits proposed in the draft of the EC regulation for food commercialization in the European countries. These limits are the following: 2 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat for pork, 3 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat for milk and chicken, 5 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat for egg and beef, and 3 pg WHO-TEQ/g whole product for fish. The contributions of PCDDs/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in the total toxicity of the samples were calculated for each matrix. The results showed that the TEQ(PCB) contribution varied from 27% in olive oil samples to 81% in mussel samples. These findings suggest that the regulation of TEQ contents in food should include not only the TEQ(PCDD/F), but also the TEQ(PCB).

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Lack of association of GH1 and POU1F1 gene variants with meat production traits in Piemontese cattle.

Growth hormone (GH) and the Pit-1 transcription factor have been shown to be involved in the physiological mechanisms related to growth. The present study was carried out to investigate the possible association of the polymorphism at GH1 and POU1F1 loci with meat production traits in Piemontese cattle. Fourteen traits were considered, expressing growth (weight at 5, 7 and 11 months, daily gain), size [withers height (WH), trunk length (TL), chest girth (CG) at 12 months] and meat conformation [withers width (WW), shoulder muscularity (SM), loin width (LW), loin thickness (LT), thigh muscularity (TM), thigh profile (TP), bone thinness (BT)]. Data were analysed with a mixed model procedure to estimate the allele substitution and the dominance effects. The results did not provide evidence of association of GH1 and POU1F1 polymorphisms with the evaluated traits.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Value of sunflower seed in finishing diets of feedlot cattle.

The value of sunflower seed (SS) in finishing diets was assessed in two feeding trials. In Exp. 1, 60 yearling steers (479 +/- 45 kg) were fed five diets (n = 12). A basal diet (DM basis) of 84.5% steam-rolled barley, 9% barley silage, and 6.5% supplement was fed as is (control), with all the silage replaced (DM basis) with rolled SS, or with grain:silage mix replaced with 9% whole SS, 14% whole SS, or 14% rolled SS. Liver, diaphragm, and brisket samples were obtained from each carcass. In Exp. 2, 120 yearling steers (354 +/- 25 kg) were fed corn- or barley-based diets containing no SS, high-linoleic acid SS, or high-oleic acid SS (a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, n = 20). Whole SS was included at 10.8% in the corn-based and 14% in the barley-based diets (DM basis). In Exp. 1, feeding whole SS linearly increased DMI (P = 0.02), ADG (P = 0.01), and G:F (P = 0.01). Regression of ME against level of whole SS indicated that SS contained 4.4 to 5.9 Mcal ME/kg. Substituting whole for rolled SS did not significantly alter DMI, ADG, or G:F (8.55 vs. 8.30 kg/d; 1.36 vs. 1.31 kg; and 0.157 vs. 0.158, respectively). Replacing the silage with rolled SS had no effect on DMI (P = 0.91) but marginally enhanced ADG (P = 0.10) and improved G:F (P = 0.01). Dressing percent increased linearly (P = 0.08) with level of SS in the diet. Feeding SS decreased (P < 0.05) levels of 16:0 and 18:3 in both diaphragm and subcutaneous fats, and increased (P = 0.05) the prevalence of 18:1, 18:2, cis-9,trans-11-CLA and trans-10,cis-12-CLA in subcutaneous fat. In Exp. 2, barley diets supplemented with high-linoleic SS decreased DMI (P = 0.02) and ADG (P = 0.007) by steers throughout the trial, whereas no decrease was noted with corn (interaction P = 0.06 for DMI and P = 0.01 for ADG). With barley, high-linoleic SS decreased final live weight (554 vs. 592 kg; P = 0.01), carcass weight (329 vs. 346 kg; P = 0.06), and dressing percent (58.5 vs. 59.4%; P = 0.04). Steers fed high-linoleic SS plus barley had less (P < 0.05) backfat than those fed other SS diets. No adverse effects of SS on liver abscess incidence or meat quality were detected. Although they provide protein and fiber useful in formulating finishing diets for cattle, and did improve performance in Exp. 1, no benefit from substituting SS for grain and roughage was detected in Exp. 2. Because of unexplained inconsistencies between the two experiments, additional research is warranted to confirm the feeding value of SS in diets for feedlot cattle.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Dietary acid-base balance, bone resorption, and calcium excretion.

OBJECTIVE: Metabolic studies reveal that acidogenic diets increase bone resorption acutely. This study was conducted to examine associations between diet-induced changes in net acid excretion (NAE) and changes in serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), bone resorption, and calcium excretion over a longer period of 60 days. METHODS: Forty healthy older men and women were given 0.75 g/kg of protein as meat, 600 mg of calcium, and 400 IU of vitamin D3 daily and either cereal (acidogenic) or fruit and vegetable (alkalinogenic) foods as substitutes for some of the cereal in their usual diets. Blood and 24-hr urine measurements were made on days 14 (baseline), 44, and 74. RESULTS: In all subjects, change in renal NAE was correlated with changes in serum PTH (r = 0.358, P = 0.023), urinary N-telopeptide (NTX) (r = 0.367, P = 0.020), and urinary calcium excretion (rp = 0.381, P = 0.020, after adjustment for diet group, change in PTH, and change in sodium excretion). CONCLUSIONS: Diet changes that increase renal NAE are associated with increases in serum PTH, bone resorption, and calcium excretion over a 60-day period.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗