PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Models, Psychological”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Models of adjustment to chronic illness: using the example of rheumatoid arthritis.

There are a number of theoretical frameworks that attempt to explain how individuals may adjust to threats to health and serious physical illness. The three major paradigms that attempt to organize key components of health and adaptation to illness include the following: the biomedical model which emphasizes disease; psychological models of adaptation to illness; and biopsychosocial models with the latter two emphasizing health, functioning, and well-being. Each of these three major paradigms, including biomedical, psychosocial, and biopsychosocial frameworks, is discussed and critiqued in turn, and contributions and theoretical issues in terms of adjustment to chronic illness, particularly rheumatoid arthritis (RA), are highlighted. Furthermore, a biopsychosocial framework for conceptualizing adjustment to physical illness is proposed that incorporates elements from key existing biomedical and psychosocial models of adaptation to chronic physical health issues.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Ascribed meaning: a critical factor in coping and pain attenuation in patients with cancer-related pain.

Advanced cancer is frequently associated with severe pain, and some patients suffer markedly more than others. The experience of pain is a multifactorial phenomenon involving not only sensory but also cognitive, affective, motivational, and behavioral dimensions. The latter variables were investigated within the framework of Melzack and Wall's gate control model of pain and Lazarus' coping psychology model. Quantitative measures of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, a self-report depression scale, and a coping strategy questionnaire were employed, and a face-to-face interview was conducted in which patients ascribed meaning to their pain. One hundred terminal cancer patients in the Winnipeg, Manitoba area were studied, all of whom received care at home, with one half having access to support from a hospital palliative care unit (PCU) and one half not. Analgesic medication levels were recorded and converted to a common standard. Statistical results showed that the ability to cope with the pain experience was little influenced by access to the PCU; nor was medication level a confounding variable. Variance analysis showed that the strongest impact on pain, depression, and coping scores was made by the meaning ascribed to pain by patients (p = 0.0001). The most frequently ascribed meanings were challenge (n = 30), punishment (n = 26), and enemy (n = 20). Successful pain attenuation thus depends in part on understanding the cognitive processing of pain by individual patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Physiological models to understand exercise fatigue and the adaptations that predict or enhance athletic performance.

A popular concept in the exercise sciences holds that fatigue develops during exercise of moderate to high intensity, when the capacity of the cardiorespiratory system to provide oxygen to the exercising muscles falls behind their demand inducing "anaerobic" metabolism. But this cardiovascular/anaerobic model is unsatisfactory because (i) a more rigorous analysis indicates that the first organ to be affected by anaerobiosis during maximal exercise would likely be the heart, not the skeletal muscles. This probability was fully appreciated by the pioneering exercise physiologists, A. V Hill, A. Bock and D. B. Dill, but has been systematically ignored by modern exercise physiologists; (ii) no study has yet definitely established the presence of either anaerobiosis, hypoxia or ischaemia in skeletal muscle during maximal exercise; (iii) the model is unable to explain why exercise terminates in a variety of conditions including prolonged exercise, exercise in the heat and at altitude, and in those with chronic diseases of the heart and lungs, without any evidence for skeletal muscle anaerobiosis, hypoxia or ischaemia, and before there is full activation of the total skeletal muscle mass, and (iv) cardiovascular and other measures believed to relate to skeletal muscle anaerobiosis, including the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and the "anaerobic threshold", are indifferent predictors of exercise capacity in athletes with similar abilities. This review considers four additional models that need to be considered when factors limiting either short duration, maximal or prolonged submaximal exercise are evaluated. These additional models are: (i) the energy supply/energy depletion model; (ii) the muscle power/muscle recruitment model; (iii) the biomechanical model and (iv) the psychological model. By reviewing features of these models, this review provides a broad overview of the physiological, metabolic and biomechanical factors that may limit exercise performance under different exercise conditions. A more complete understanding of fatigue during exercise, and the relevance of the adaptations that develop with training, requires that the potential relevance of each model to fatigue under different conditions of exercise must be considered.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1999

Toward a model of psychological triage: who will most need assistance?

While well developed within physical medicine, the concept of triage within emergency mental health is ill-defined. The purpose of this paper is to offer one formulation and a rudimentary set of guidelines for the process of psychological triage for individuals in crisis. These recommendations are unique in that they reflect an integration of clinical empiricism and applied physiological concepts. It is hoped that such an initiative will assist in the most efficient and effective allocation of mental health resources in acute crises, traumas, disasters, and even combat-related situations.

Combat Disorders↗
PubMed1997

Context-induced paranormal experiences: support for Houran and Lange's model of haunting phenomena.

Houran and Lange's psychological model of haunting phenomena predicts that contextual variables alone are sufficient to induce poltergeist-like perceptions. 22 subjects individually visited five areas of a performance theater and were asked to notice the environment. 11 subjects in an informed condition were instructed that the location was haunted, while 11 in the control condition were told that the building was simply under renovation. Subjects' perceptions in both conditions were recorded via Green, et al.'s 1992 experiential questionnaire which contains 10 subscales related to psychological and physiological perceptions. Analysis yielded significantly more intense perceptual experiences on nine of the ten subscales in the informed condition, indicating that demand characteristics alone can stimulate paranormal-type experiences.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Testing a mediational model of sexually aggressive behavior in nonincarcerated perpetrators.

This study examined a psychological model of male sexually aggressive behavior toward women. Forty-seven men who reported completing or attempting acts that legally represent rape in most states and 56 nonviolent men completed measures assessing early home environment, attitudes regarding women and relationships, impulsive behaviors, and peers' characteristics. As predicted, sexually aggressive behavior was associated with exposure to negative childhood experiences with fathers. These experiences included reports of emotionally distant, uncaring fathers and witnessing father-perpetrated domestic violence. The relationship between poorer fathering and sexually aggressive behavior was partially mediated by impulse control problems as a young adult. Although having delinquent peers and endorsements of hostile attitudes toward women and rigid sex-role beliefs, predicted perpetration, contrary to expectations, neither mediated the relationship between poorer fathering and perpetration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Behavioral concepts for the etiology of schizophrenia].

Schizophrenic disorders are a relatively common and severe psychiatric disorder. Extensive research efforts during the last two decades could show that the course and outcome of the disorder will be determined by a number of biological, psychological and social factors. The vulnerability-stress-coping-competence-model as a tentative heuristic framework integrates the different factors which contribute to the understanding of the disorder. In this model psychological factors play an important role. Some of these factors are subject of this paper: expressed emotions and the cognitive understanding and treatment of delusions and hallucinations.

Behavior↗
PubMed2004

Assessing the distinguishability of models and the informativeness of data.

A difficulty in the development and testing of psychological models is that they are typically evaluated solely on their ability to fit experimental data, with little consideration given to their ability to fit other possible data patterns. By examining how well model A fits data generated by model B, and vice versa (a technique that we call landscaping), much safer inferences can be made about the meaning of a model's fit to data. We demonstrate the landscaping technique using four models of retention and 77 historical data sets, and show how the method can be used to: (1) evaluate the distinguishability of models, (2) evaluate the informativeness of data in distinguishing between models, and (3) suggest new ways to distinguish between models. The generality of the method is demonstrated in two other research areas (information integration and categorization), and its relationship to the important notion of model complexity is discussed.

Cognition↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A psychosocial model of health behavior: implications for nutrition education, research and policy.

The paper presents a multidimensional psychological model of determinants of health behavior, tested empirically in three countries to ascertain its validity. The model postulates that given that ethnic, socioeconomic, and biological statuses (exogenous variables) are homogeneous, a health risk-taking behavior in a population is a function of direct, additive, and interaction effects of five categories of independent variables both internal to the persons and external in the action environment. Although the model is tested on contraceptive behavior, it is argued that the determinants and basic processes of this risk-taking behavior are similar to those involved in other health risk behaviors and that the five basic factors identified affect nutritional behaviors as well. The paper presents several broad implications on the model for nutrition education and research; but holds that specific implications could be best derived by the specialists in nutrition field.

Contraception↗
PubMed2005

Psychological approaches to bipolar disorders: a theoretical critique.

An outline is presented of five main psychological models of the bipolar disorders. These approaches include the Behavioural Activation/Inhibition Systems model, the Cognitive Therapy model, the Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy model, the Interacting Cognitive Subsystems model, and the SPAARS model. Strengths and weaknesses are highlighted for each approach. It is concluded that although there is no model that can adequately account for even the key features of the bipolar disorders (such as periodicity, shifts in the valence of the self-concept, mixed affective states, and patterns of recovery and relapse), nevertheless, more recently developed multi-level approaches to emotion offer more sophisticated possibilities for modeling these complex disorders.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

Use of a medical 'schema' in facilitating access to understanding in psychology.

Cognitive models in psychology suggest that knowledge can only be fully comprehended and recalled within the framework of existing schemata. Two experiments are reported which demonstrate how psychological principles may be taught within the schemata available to preclinical medical students. It is suggested that the provision of appropriate schemata makes psychological knowledge more accessible to medical students, and more easily recalled as they move into clinical practice. Increasing the impact of psychology in this way may also encourage greater interest and integration of the subject in the medical curriculum.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Collectivize social support? Elements for reconsidering the social dimension in the study of social support.

Psychological models of mental disorders play an important role in the explanation of psychological deterioration. Researchers from this area usually study several cognitive and behavioral variables to account for the onset and maintenance of depression. However, many authors have detected the need to include a "social dimension" in the explanation of deterioration. In this sense, social support has become a crucial aspect in the study of mental health, and the psychological literature on this topic has generated an intense debate about several facets of the positive impact of social networks on psychological well-being. In this article, the author defends that this increasing centrality of the concept has been accompanied by a psychological reductionism that is making the role of "social aspects" to explain psychological well-being more problematic. Implications of this reductionism are discussed, and an alternative proposal is made to overcome some theoretical and empirical problems related to social support research.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Modeling developmental transitions in adaptive resonance theory.

Neural networks are applied to a theoretical subject in developmental psychology: modeling developmental transitions. Two issues that are involved will be discussed: discontinuities and acquiring qualitatively new knowledge. We will argue that by the appearance of a bifurcation, a neural network can show discontinuities and may acquire qualitatively new knowledge. First, it is shown that biological principles of neurite outgrowth result in self-organization in a neural network, which is strongly dependent on a bifurcation in the activity dynamics. Second, the effect of a bifurcation due to morphological change is investigated in an Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) network. Exact ART networks with quantitative differences in network structure at the category level show qualitatively different dynamical regimes, which are separated by bifurcations. These qualitative differences in dynamics affect the cognitive function of Exact ART: Representations of learned categories are local or distributed.

Adaptation, Biological↗