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PubMed1983

Survey research in New Mexico Hispanics: some methodological issues.

A prevalence survey of respiratory diseases was conducted in Albuquerque, New Mexico, with the objective of explaining differing patterns of respiratory disease epidemiology in Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites (Anglos). The study population was selected at random from the 1978 R.L. Polk & Co. Directory. This paper focuses on methodological issues raised during the conduct of the study: response rates, potential language barriers and bias, and identification of Hispanics by surnames. Mail, telephone, and personal interview approaches were used to obtain adequate response rates, which ranged from 60% in Hispanic males to 78% in Anglo females; 22% of Hispanic males refused interview. Fewer Hispanics returned mailed questionnaires than responded to telephone interviewing. Spanish language was increasingly preferred as the respondent's age increased. Two methods of ethnic identification by surname (1980 Census List of Spanish Surnames and a computer program, GUESS (Generally Useful Ethnic Search System) were compared to the self-reported ethnicity of respondents. The GUESS Program was more sensitive than the census list, but the census list was more specific. The combination of both methods produced a 90% sensitivity and 97% specificity in males. Intermarriage reduced the accuracy in females.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of immunoglobulin use for hepatitis A control in New Mexico.

Community control of hepatitis A (HA) requires improvement of sanitation and timely use of immune globulin (IG) for selected contacts of ill persons. A marked increase in reported HA cases in New Mexico in late 1978 and early 1979 prompted aggressive evaluation of morbidity trends and of control efforts. This evaluation provided an opportunity to study the practices in disease reporting and IG administration in the State. In the 6-months study period January-June 1979, 596 cases of HA were reported in New Mexico (an annualized incidence rate of 95.9 cases per 100,000 population). Nearly three-fourths of the cases were reported within 14 days of onset of illness. IG was administered to the household contacts of 89 percent of the index patients; it was not indicated for the household contacts of 9 percent. Reasons for the failure to administer IG to the household contact of the other 2 percent of the index patients were not ascertained. Overall, 93 percent of the eligible household contacts received IG, and 80 percent of these contacts received it within 14 days of the onset of illness in the index patient. Differences in the relationship of physicians and health offices in the only metropolitan area in the State and in the rest of the State in respect to case reporting and IG administration were observed. The benefits from health department surveillance and control exceeded the costs by approximately fivefold. The reporting practices and the IG use of the physicians who reported HA cases were good; to improve further HA surveillance and control in the State, the focus needs to be on physicians who fail to report HA cases.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Cultural practices and social support of pregnant women in a northern New Mexico community.

PURPOSE: To describe the experience of social support in Hispanic families during pregnancy. DESIGN: Ethnographic investigation, conducted from November 1995 to November 1997 in Rio Arriba County of northern New Mexico. METHODS: Seventy-two transcribed verbatim interviews with Hispanic mothers, family members, and health care providers, along with fieldnotes from participant observation, historical data of the region, and area demographics comprised the data for qualitative analysis. FINDINGS: Pregnancy outcomes were positive because of a socialization process that helped pregnant Hispanic women and family members adapt and change to support the pregnancy. This mutual shaping helped reinforce the family structure, integrate cultural beliefs, define roles for both mother and family members, define the nature of mother-child and family-child relationships, and facilitate a positive process through a supportive orientation. CONCLUSIONS: Findings showed the dynamics and context of relationships that constituted social support conducive to healthy birth outcomes in Hispanic families of northern New Mexico. The findings were enlightening concerning the pregnancy process, role adaptation, integration of health care beliefs, and provided ideas for intervention models that might benefit pregnant women, infants, family members, community members, and health care professionals.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Traumatic asphyxia in New Mexico: a five-year experience.

Compression of the chest causing facial petechiae, violaceous facial hue, subconjunctival hemorrhages, and frequent mental status abnormalities has been termed traumatic asphyxia. We identified 35 such cases occurring in the State of New Mexico from 1980 to 1985 from records of the Office of the Medical Investigator (n = 30) and from cases presenting to the University of New Mexico Trauma Center (n = 5). Among those found at highest risk for traumatic asphyxia were people ejected from motor vehicles, men working under cars that were inadequately supported and fell onto the victims, children under the age of 5 years who were crushed under household furniture, and people involved in construction activities. Traumatic asphyxia following a moving motor vehicle accident was significantly associated with alcohol ingestion (p less than 0.001). Preventive and therapeutic strategies should focus on the groups and events identified.

Accidents↗

PubMed1997

Temporal trends in diabetes mortality among American Indians and Hispanics in New Mexico: birth cohort and period effects.

Rates of diabetes mortality are disproportionately high among ethnic minorities in the United States. To describe ethnic trends and cohort effects in diabetes mortality in New Mexico, the authors examined the trends in mortality rates for non-Hispanic whites. Hispanics, and American Indians in the state during the period 1958-1994. Age-specific rates were examined graphically to qualitatively describe the contribution of calendar period and birth cohort effects to changes in the rates. The authors also fit age-period-cohort models to these data. Age-adjusted diabetes mortality rates for American Indians and Hispanics surpassed rates for non-Hispanic whites for all but the earliest two time periods. In the 1993-1994 period, the age-adjusted mortality rate for American Indians was 3.8 times higher for men and 5.6 times higher for women than for their non-Hispanic white counterparts. Rates for American Indian men and women increased sharply over the 37-year period, by 565% and 1,105%, respectively. Mortality rates increased among Hispanics over the period of study but less rapidly than did rates among American Indians. Graphical analyses of age-specific rates were consistent with birth cohort effects among both American Indians and Hispanics and also with a period effect among American Indians. Results from age-period-cohort models indicate a birth cohort effect starting with the 1912 cohort in American Indians and the 1902 cohort in Hispanics. A period effect was present during the 1960s in American Indians. American Indians have experienced an epidemic rise in diabetes mortality in New Mexico; if current trends continue, diabetes may become the leading cause of mortality among American Indians in the state.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Cervical papillomavirus infection and cervical dysplasia in Hispanic, Native American, and non-Hispanic white women in New Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus infections of the cervix are found with varying frequencies in different populations worldwide, and have been associated with cervical cytologic abnormalities. METHODS: We studied 1,603 randomly selected Hispanic, Native American, and non-Hispanic White women in New Mexico to determine the prevalence of cervical HPV infection in these ethnic groups, and its association with Pap smear abnormalities, using a new commercial dot-blot hybridization assay. RESULTS: Nine percent of all women screened had evidence of cervical HPV infection (13.7% of non-Hispanic White women, 9.7% of Hispanics, and 6.6% of Native American women). Prevalence was higher in younger women ages 14-19 years than in older age groups. Over half of women with cervical HPV infection (n = 145) had normal Pap smears. The proportion of infected women increased among those with more advanced cytopathologic abnormalities; 5.6 percent with normal Pap smears had cervical HPV vs 66.7 percent with moderate-severe dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Cervical HPV infection is common among New Mexico clinic attendees, varies in prevalence among the three major ethnic groups, and is strongly associated with cervical cytopathologic abnormalities.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Trends in alcohol-related mortality among New Mexico's American Indians, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites.

Reduction of alcohol-related mortality is a national goal for health promotion and disease prevention. We conducted this analysis to determine whether trends in New Mexico's Hispanics, non-Hispanic Whites, and American Indians were consistent with national trends in alcohol-related mortality, and whether differences in drinking patterns could account for racial and ethnic differences in rates. Age-adjusted, race-specific, and ethnic-specific alcohol-related mortality rates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for 5-year periods for 1958-1991 using New Mexico vital statistics data. We estimated the prevalence of acute and chronic at-risk drinking behaviors and abstinence from data collected by the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for the period 1986-1992. We found that alcohol-related mortality rates varied substantially by race, ethnicity, sex, age, and calendar period. American Indians had the highest rates for both sexes. Rates increased sharply from the period 1958-1962 until the late 1970s and the early 1980s, and then began to decrease rapidly. However, during the most recent decade, the rates have followed contrasting trends in the three ethnic and racial groups. Although rates have continued to decline among non-Hispanic Whites, rates for Hispanics and American Indians have not declined, and still remain substantially higher than rates during the 1958-1962 period. Differences in at-risk drinking behaviors reported to the BRFSS do not explain the contrast in race-specific and ethnic-specific mortality rates. Although progress has been made in reducing national per capita alcohol consumption and alcohol-related mortality, certain high-risk racial and ethnic groups may not be sharing in the progress.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Is alcohol intake associated with breast cancer in Hispanic women? The New Mexico Women's Health Study.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have shown an increased breast cancer risk associated with modest or high alcohol intake, however, few of these studies have included Hispanic women. The alcohol/breast cancer association was investigated in a New Mexico (NM) statewide bi-ethnic study. DESIGN: A population-based, case-control study. METHODS: Incident breast cancer cases (N = 712), aged 30-74 years, were ascertained by the New Mexico Tumor Registry (NMTR). Controls (N = 844) were identified by random digit dialing and were frequency-matched for ethnicity, age-group, and health planning district. Data were collected via in-person interview, which included questions regarding recent and past alcohol intake and breast cancer risk factors. RESULTS: The highest level of recent alcohol intake, compared to no intake, was associated with breast cancer risk for postmenopausal Hispanic women (odds ratio [OR] = 2.0 95%, confidence interval [CI] 0.8-5.1, 42+ grams/ week) and postmenopausal non-Hispanic White women (OR = 2.2, 95% Cl 1.0-5.0, 148+ grams/week), although estimates were unstable and statistically non-significant. Lower recent alcohol intake (< 148 grams/week) was associated with reduced risk for non-Hispanic Whites (OR = 0.49, 95% Cl 0.35-0.69). This pattern was independent of hormone-receptor status and was present for both premenopausal (OR = 0.29, 95% Cl 0.15-0.56) and postmenopausal women (OR = 0.56, 95% Cl 0.35-0.90). Results for past alcohol intake and breast cancer association did not demonstrate any trends and were non-significant. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol intake does not appear to have a consistent or significant association with breast cancer in Hispanic women.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Gastric cancer in New Mexico counties with significant deposits of uranium.

Several counties in northern New Mexico display high rates of mortality from gastric cancer. Significant differences in sex-specific, age-adjusted, average annual stomach cancer mortality rates among whites from 1970-1979 were found between counties with significant deposits of uranium compared to those without significant deposits. These results remained unchanged when either socioeconomic status or Hispanic ethnicity were considered. Additional research needs to consider individual characteristics and competing risk factors for individuals with gastric cancer in these counties. A working hypothesis is that residents of counties with significant deposits of uranium are exposed to higher-than-average environmental levels of radionuclides such as radon and radon daughters, or to trace elements such as arsenic, cadmium, selenium, and lead which are commonly found in areas with uranium deposits.

Environmental Exposure↗

PubMed1994

Clinical features of ischemic stroke in Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico: a study of 341 consecutive patients at two hospitals.

This study was undertaken to determine whether there are any differences in the clinical features of ischemic stroke between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico. From August 1988 to August 1990, one investigator prospectively evaluated consecutive patients who presented within 30 days of onset of stroke or transient ischemic attack and entered data into a computerized stroke registry. Several important vascular factors were recorded. Patients presented to either a Veterans Affairs Medical Center or a University Medical Center (a county facility). There were 112 Hispanics and 229 non-Hispanic whites with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Non-Hispanic whites were more likely to have ischemic heart disease (P = .01) and ischemic (vs nonischemic) causes of potential cardiogenic emboli (p = .05) than were Hispanics. The following were not significantly different between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites: prevalence of vascular risk factors, death within 30 days of stroke, vascular territory involved, infarct location, prevalence of extracranial carotid stenosis, or cardiac sources of emboli. Our study does not show an obvious difference in the clinical features of ischemic stroke between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Multiple primary cancers: relative risk in New Mexico's triethnic population.

A review of the population-based New Mexico Tumor Registry data identified 446 patients with nonsimultaneous multiple primary cancers, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers and carcinomas in situ of the uterine cervix. Expected numbers of cases were established by observing the person-years of exposure to the risk of developing a second or subsequent primary cancer and then applying the appropriate locally determined age-, sex-, ethnic-, and site-specific cancer incidence rates. The relative risk (observed/expected) of developing a second primary cancer was elevated for "Anglo" and Spanish American cancer patients in comparison with the risk of developing a first primary cancer in persons who have never had one. Only six cases of nonsimultaneous multiple primary cancer were observed (6.39 expected) in the region's American Indian population. There were differences in site-site associations among the three ethnic groups, but in many categories there were too few cases for analysis.

Ethnicity↗

PubMed1989

Effects of the 65-mph speed limit on rural interstate fatalities in New Mexico.

As a result of federal legislation passed in April 1987, New Mexico was the first state to resume a 65-mph speed limit on rural Interstate highways. We compared the rates of fatal crashes before and after the speed limit change. The rate of fatal crashes in the 1 year after the speed limit was increased was 2.9 per 100 million vehicle-miles traveled, compared with a predicted rate of 1.5 per 100 million vehicle-miles based on the trend of the 5 previous years. When fatal crashes that occurred after the speed limit change were compared with fatal crashes in the 5 previous years, there was no difference in the mean age and sex of the at-fault drivers, mean age and sex of the victims, seat belt use by the victims, or alcohol involvement of the crashes. The increase in fatal crashes can be attributed to an increase in fatal single-vehicle crashes. Vehicles on rural Interstates are traveling at greater rates of speed and a larger proportion of vehicles are exceeding the 65-mph speed limit. The benefits associated with the 65-mph speed limit should be weighed against the increased loss of lives.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1998

Reproductive risk factors for breast cancer in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women: the New Mexico Women's Health Study.

The authors conducted a population-based case-control study of breast cancer in Hispanic women in New Mexico. Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women with incident breast cancer, aged 30-74 years and diagnosed between 1992 and 1994, were identified by the New Mexico Tumor Registry. Controls were selected using random digit dialing and frequency matched by ethnicity, age, and region. Information on reproductive history, lactation, and other risk factors was collected through in-person interviews; 719 Hispanics and 836 non-Hispanic whites were included in the analysis. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate relative risk of breast cancer for reproductive factors and to assess ethnic differences in effects. Older age at first full-term birth was associated with breast cancer among Hispanics; the odds ratio for women aged 27 years and older at first full-term birth compared with women 18 years or younger was 2.26 (95% confidence interval 1.17-4.38) compared with 1.60 (95% confidence interval 0.86-3.01) for non-Hispanic whites. Higher parity was associated with reduced risk of breast cancer for non-Hispanic whites, but not Hispanics (p < 0.008). Longer lactation was associated with reduced risk in premenopausal Hispanic women and premenopausal and postmenopausal non-Hispanic white women. Reproductive factors explained 17% of the ethnic difference in breast cancer incidence for postmenopausal women and none of the difference for premenopausal women.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Unintentional deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning in New Mexico, 1980 to 1988. A comparison of medical examiner and national mortality data.

Carbon monoxide was the number 1 cause of poisoning deaths in the United States from 1980 through 1988, with the highest rates reported in the western states. We studied unintentional deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning in New Mexico during this period using the multiple-cause mortality files from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and data from the New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator (OMI). We compared the nationally available NCHS data with the more detailed OMI data to determine the sensitivity of NCHS data for the surveillance of this preventable cause of death. The NCHS data were 88% sensitive in identifying deaths from unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning and had a positive predictive value of 81% when compared with OMI data. Half of the unintentional carbon monoxide-related deaths were attributable to a home heating mechanism of some sort, 46% involved motor vehicle exhaust, and at least 42% were associated with alcohol use. We conclude that available NCHS data are a sensitive source of surveillance information about unintentional deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning. Additional details about specific deaths can be obtained from medical examiner files when needed.

Accidents↗

PubMed1988

Cigarette smoking and lung cancer in New Mexico.

We have used population-based data for the state of New Mexico to calculate cigarette-smoking-specific incidence rates for lung cancer, cumulative incidence rates for lung cancer, and estimates of the proportion of lung cancer cases attributable to smoking. For white New Mexicans, the incidence of lung cancer increased with age and was markedly higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. From 25 through 84 yr of age, the cumulative incidence of lung cancer was 0.9% in nonsmoking males and 0.5% in nonsmoking females. The cumulative incidence rates were much higher for smokers; for males who smoked 20 or more cigarettes daily from age 25, the cumulative risk of lung cancer through age 84 was 31.7%. For females with the same cigarette smoking history, the estimate of cumulative incidence through age 84 years was 15.3%. The population-attributable risks for lung cancer associated with cigarette smoking were 89.5% for males and 85.5% for females.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Racial and ethnic differences in premature heart disease deaths in New Mexico: what is the role of diabetes?

Multiple-cause mortality files from 1999-2001 were obtained to describe premature heart disease (PHD) deaths and the role of diabetes as a contributing cause in heart disease (HD) mortality in American Indians, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic Whites in New Mexico. The proportion and rate of PHD and diabetes-related HD death were calculated and reported by race/ethnicity and gender. Results indicate that from 1999 to 2001, 24% of all deaths in New Mexico reported HD as the leading cause of death. Of these, 16.6% occurred in persons <65 years of age and were therefore classified as premature. The proportion of premature HD deaths was substantially higher in the American-Indian (29.2%) and Hispanic (20.8%) populations compared to Whites (13.7%). Furthermore, diabetes contributed to almost 18% of premature HD deaths in American Indians and Hispanics and to 10% of premature HD among Whites. These findings suggest that American Indians and Hispanics are disproportionately affected by premature HD death and that diabetes as a contributing cause is greater among these populations compared to non-Hispanic Whites.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Putting environmental economics in perspective: case study of Four Corners Power Plant, New Mexico.

Environmental control costs can be made to appear much larger in impact than they actually are by placing costs in misleading contexts or failing to provide perspective. It is essential for continued public support of environmental health programs that this practice be countered by more meaningful presentations of economic data. As an example, analytic methods appropriate to the case of a large coal-fired power plant in northwestern New Mexico are developed and disucssed. Pollution control expenditures at the Four Corners Power Plant in northwestern New Mexico were presented to the public as costing $82 annually. Although this figure may be the correct one, data were collected and analyzed to show that this cost represented an increase of only 5 to 60 cents on a $100 electricity bill for the consumer of electricity.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗

PubMed1979

Endemic human plague in New Mexico: risk factors associated with infection.

A retrospective case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors, other than contact with infected animal tissues, for infection caused by Yersinia pestis in non-Indian residents of areas with endemic sylvatic plague in New Mexico. The study group consisted of 16 persons who had bacteriologically confirmed cases of plague in the period 1975-1976 and 45 controls who were matched by age, sex, and location of residence. Participants were questioned about outdoor activities, environmental conditions in and around the home, procedures of pet care, exposure to animals and insects, and medical history. The availability of harborage and food sources for wild rodents as a result of human activity in the immediate home environment was associated with risk of infection. Failure to take steps to control fleas on dogs and cats also appeared to be a possible risk factor. No other significant differences were found between patients and controls. Plague in New Mexico appears to result primarily from entry of the reservoir host into the habitat of the human rather than from entry of the human into the sylvatic habitat of the reservoir host.

Animals↗