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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Early post-mortem metabolism and muscle shortening in the Pectoralis major muscle of broiler chickens.

Three experiments were conducted to examine the effects of sodium pentobarbital (SP), iodoacetate (IO), tubocurarine (TC), and surgical denervation (DN) on early rigor development in broiler breast muscle. In Experiment 1, birds were either anesthetized or not with SP before receiving an injection of IO or TC or maintained as noninjected controls. Experiment 2 was identical except that a treatment of denervation of the breast muscle was added. Experiment 3 was conducted to contrast birds at 1 day (DN1) and 3 days (DN3) denervation prior to slaughter to nonoperated controls. Measurements of muscle lactate, ATP, R value (ratio of inosine to adenine nucleotides), pH, sarcomere lengths, and shear were used to evaluate treatment effects. Results for Experiment 1 showed no significant differences among treatment and control groups for ATP and lactate contents, R values, or sarcomere lengths; however, significantly lower pH and higher shear values were observed for control birds. In Experiment 2, no significant differences were observed among the treatment groups for ATP, R values, or sarcomere lengths. However, lactate and shear values were significantly lower, and pH higher, for the DN and SP treated birds. Experiment 3 resulted in lower lactate and higher pH values for the DN3 treatment in comparison with both DN1 and control groups. Results of these studies indicate that the use of SP and DN can be used to alter the early profiles of rigor development.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Innervation of the sternalis muscle accompanied by congenital partial absence of the pectoralis major muscle.

In one case accompanied by congenital partial absence of the pectoralis major muscle the sternalis muscle was examined to confirm its innervation by means of analysis of intramuscular nerve distribution. It was proved that the sternalis muscle was supplied only by the pectoral nerves even in the case of sternalis in direct contact with the proper thoracic wall. These findings as well as the results of Ura (1937) and Morita (1944) favor the interpretation presented by Eisler (1901), in which the sternalis muscle was described as being supplied only by the pectoral nerves. However, the problem of double innervation of the sternalis requires continued discussion because the relationships between the pectoral nerves and the branches of the intercostal nerves or extramural nerves (Yamada & Mannen, 1985; Kodama et al., 1986) have not yet been resolved. The precise genesis of the sternalis muscle should be also examined though it has already been proved to be derived from the pectoralis muscle group including the subcutaneous trunci muscle.

Female↗
PubMed2003

Variability in the vascularity of the pectoralis major muscle.

OBJECTIVE: Although the pectoralis major muscle has been the subject of numerous anatomic studies over the past 20 years, there remains a high complication rate for pedicled pectoralis musculocutaneous flaps. In this report, angiograms of 43 pectoralis major muscles were studied to assess the vascular territories of its three arterial supplies: lateral thoracic artery, the pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial artery, and the anterior intercostal perforators of the internal mammary artery. METHODS: Twenty-two adult human cadavers underwent whole-body arterial perfusion (200 mL/kg) with a mixture of lead oxide, gelatin, and water through the carotid artery. All pectoralis major muscles were dissected and radiographed. Radiographs were photographically printed as contact prints. The vasculature of each muscle was analyzed using the paper template technique. RESULTS: The pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial artery supplied 50.7% of the vascular territory of the pectoralis major. The lateral thoracic artery was present in 37 of 43 angiograms and supplied a mean territory of 6.6%. The anterior intercostal perforating branches of the internal mammary artery supplied 43% of muscle parenchyma. There was considerable variability in the extent of various vascular territories from muscle specimen to specimen. CONCLUSION: Despite excellent surgical technique, certain pedicled musculocutaneous pectoralis major flaps may suffer partial distal necrosis simply owing to the relatively small vascular territory of the pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial artery.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

MRI of complete rupture of the pectoralis major muscle.

Rupture of the pectoralis major muscle is a rare clinical entity. Only few reports have discussed its MRI or CT features. We have reviewed the imaging features of four cases of complete rupture of the pectoralis major muscle. One case of acute injury underwent surgical repair. MRI is useful in delineating the site and extent of the rupture in relation to the musculotendinous junction, which will help the surgeons with possible treatment options and surgical planning. Because of the complex anatomy of the pectoralis major muscle near its insertion on the humerus and the signal characteristics of hematoma and edema in the muscle, axial T2-weighted images were most valuable for the evaluation of acute and subacute injuries. Axial T1-weighted images were helpful in delineating chronic injuries. CT is inferior to MRI for direct visualization of muscle rupture.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Reconstruction of upper chest wall defects with a function-preserving pectoralis major muscle flap: case report.

The pectoralis major muscle or myocutaneous flap has a nearly 100% success rate in reconstructing chest wall defects. Major adverse sequelae resulting from the use of the pectoralis major muscle or myocutaneous flap are rarely reported in the literature. However, the loss of pectoralis major muscle function caused by the detachment of the muscle from its insertion on the humeral bone is of more and more concern. This is a significant loss for manual laborers when the patient tries to handle tools or control heavy machinery. A case of upper sternal osteomyelitis is reported. After wide debridement with partial excision of the sternum, the second and third ribs, the right pleura, and the lung were exposed. A right unilateral pectoralis major muscle flap was transposed to restore the defect. In addition, to preserve the lateral portion of the muscle and its insertion on the humerus, the origin of the lower sternocostal part of the pectoralis major muscle was transposed to the medial clavicle and residual upper sternum. In this way, not only was the chest wall defect reconstructed but the function of the residual pectoralis major muscle was also preserved. Postoperative follow-up at one year demonstrated no arm weakness, no limitation in shoulder range of motion, and no evidence of atrophy of the transposed pectoralis major muscle. Our experience with this function-preserving pectoralis major muscle flap was encouraging and we suggest it be employed in the reconstruction of the upper anterior chest wall.

Abscess↗
PubMed2004

Arterial and venous anatomical features of the pectoralis minor muscle flap pedicle.

The pectoralis minor muscle has been used as an innervated, vascularized, free-muscle graft in the field of facial reanimation for 20 years. Throughout this period, several centers have demonstrated consistent success with functional muscle transfer; however, opinions regarding the arterial pedicle of the flap have varied. The lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial arteries have been proposed as the predominant arterial sources. It has been the experience of our unit that a vessel (not described in anatomy textbooks) arising directly from the axillary artery and entering the muscle from its dorsal surface provides the dominant supply to the flap and is capable of sustaining it for free-tissue transfer. The vascular pedicle encountered was recorded and photographed in 97 consecutive cases in which the pectoralis minor muscle flap was raised. The findings demonstrated that the dominant supply to the muscle was from a single artery in 77 percent of cases and took the form of an artery arising directly from the axillary vessel in 72 percent of cases. More than one major arterial source was noted in the remainder of the cases. The venous outflow was usually through single or multiple veins running directly from the muscle into the axillary vein.

Arteries↗
PubMed2005

A new free flap model in the rat: the pectoralis major muscle.

We have designed a rat pectoralis muscle free flap transplant at the level of the pubis. The first choice of arterial pedicle was the thoraco-acromial artery at the level of its branching from the axillary artery. The venous pedicle was the thoraco-acrominal vein. This first technique was attempted on six rats with several failures due to the small diameter of the axillary artery. For this reason, we were obliged to use the axillary vessels. This new technique was performed in 10 rats with positive results in nine cases. The new transplantation of the pectoralis major muscle flap with nerve may be attempted.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed2003

The nerve supply to the clavicular part of the pectoralis major muscle: an anatomical study and clinical application of the function-preserving pectoralis major island flap.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nerve supply to the clavicular part of the pectoralis major muscle so that the innervation to this part can be maintained in the muscle-preserving pectoralis major island-flap transfer. Although methods have been described that include a limited portion of the muscle while leaving the upper parts undisturbed with an intact motor innervation, reports on anatomical studies of this nerve supply are brief. The distal distribution of the nerves, the spatial relationship to the main vascular pedicle, and the ways to preserve them during surgical procedures remain unclear. Surgically relevant features of the clavicular part of the pectoralis major muscle were studied by dissection. The nerve supply to this part was examined on 11 sides of eight formalin-fixed cadavers. Two fresh cadavers were used for dissection, intraarterial polymer injection, and application of a nerve-preserving surgical technique. In all subjects, a separate nerve innervated the clavicular and upper medial sternocostal portions of the pectoralis major muscle. This nerve arises craniomedial to the main vascular pedicle of the flap and divides into several branches. These branches run in a fascia on the deep surface of the pectoralis major muscle, superficial to the origin and distal course of the vascular pedicle. Most branches to the clavicular part end medial to the coracoid process. The course of the branches to the upper sternocostal part is more medial. Based on their anatomical findings, the authors propose a surgical technique for transfer of the pectoralis major island flap to the head and neck area through a tunnel in the deltopectoral groove, lateral to the origin of the vascular pedicle. Head and neck reconstruction was performed using this technique. The presented method is a muscle-preserving procedure that maintains maximal donor-site function and morphology.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2004

Management of deep sternal infection in infants and children with advanced pectoralis major muscle flaps.

BACKGROUND: Advanced pectoralis major muscle flaps can be used to treat deep sternal wound infections in children; however, the long-term outcomes have not been widely reported. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 11 patients (median age, 3.8 months), who had developed deep sternal wound infections following median sternotomy, among 1380 consecutive pediatric cardiac procedures from January 1995 to July 2001. RESULTS: Advanced pectoralis major muscle flaps were used in 10 patients bilaterally and in 1 patient unilaterally. All survived and were discharged without evidence of infection. During a mean +/- standard deviation follow-up of 42.1 +/- 20.9 months, there was no evidence of recurrent or chronic infection. All patients demonstrated normal development with no limitations to their upper trunk or limb movements. All of the 6 patients who had undergone a palliative operation initially had additional operations without difficulty through the existing sternotomy incision. CONCLUSIONS: This technique proved to be easy and promoted wound healing that covered all of the sternal wound defects without tension and without requiring additional flaps. It produced minimal growth and developmental problems, and it might facilitate additional operations.

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed1987

A statistical study on anatomical variation in the origin of the Japanese pectoralis minor muscle.

The origin of the pectoralis minor muscle of Japanese was studied in the dissection practice for medical students in our school of medicine and the incidence of the variation of the origin of this muscle was statistically studied and compared with that of American whites and American negroes. The most frequent types in Japanese were type 2-5 (the pectoralis minor muscle arising from the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th ribs) in males and 2-4 in females on both thoracic sides. Type 2-4 in Japanese females was the most frequent among these three ethnological groups.

Asian People↗
PubMed1980

A possible mechanism of phenotypic expression of normal and dystrophic genomes on succinic dehydrogenase activity and fiber size within a single myofiber of muscle transplants.

Muscle transplantation was used to evaluate the ability of normal and dystrophic chickens to support regeneration of both normal and dystrophic muscle fragments. Pectoralis muscles were grafted into the site of the biceps muscle of host chickens. Identification of dystrophic characteristics of intact and regenerating muscle fibers was made by cytochemical analysis of mitochondrial succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and by fiber size. In the biceps muscle of dystrophic chicks at 40 days ex ovo, the mean size of muscle fibers with low activity of SDH and fibers with high SDH activity was 29.0 +/- 5.9 micrometers and 42.0 +/- 10.4 micrometers, respectively. The mean size of normal muscle fibers was notably smaller than in dystrophic muscle and was 17.8 + 3.1 micrometers. The hypertrophy of fibers coupled with elevation of SDH activity tended to increase with age. Transplants were examined at 56 days postoperatively. The results of cross-transplantation between normal and dystrophic genotypes were similar to unoperated muscles in the correlation between SDH activity and fiber size. Donor muscles determined the type of myofibers regenerated in transplants regardless of whether the host was normal or dystrophic. In addition, combined transplantation was attempted to produce a single hybrid myofiber in which normal and dystrophic pectoralis muscle were mixed in equal volume. The mixtures were then allowed to regenerate in host chicks. A number of mosaic myofibers appeared in transplants and had regional differences in SDH activity along their length. It was concluded that: (1) The characteristics of high SDH activity and fiber hypertrophy are an expression of dystrophic nuclei, (2) combined transplantation of both normal and dystrophic muscle fragments can produce mosaic myofibers in SDH reaction; and (3) the local control of SDH activity and fiber size within nuclear territories in mosaic myofibers seems likely to be due to phenotypic expression of either normal or dystrophic genomes.

Age Factors↗