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PubMed2004

[Preliminary study on the applying value of two measurements for bone age in the cases of minors].

OBJECTIVE: To research the connection of the minor's bone age and chronological age and age for penal responsibility, to discuss the application of Gu's Atlas and Li Guozhen's Percent Numeration to measure the bone age in the cases of immature criminals and the applying value. METHODS: 33 healthy youths, 12-19 years old, were selected, whose left wrists were photographed with X-rays. According to the radiographic appearance of the maturity indicators, the bone age of every person was determined respectively by the Gu's Atlas and Li Guozhen's Percent Numeration, and then compared with his/her chronological age. CMH test and Pearson test were used to evaluate precision and accuracy on concluding the immature age for penal responsibility. RESULTS: Li Guozhen's Percent Numeration was more precise than Gu's Atlas on extrapolating the chronological age of the youth, P<0.005. On extrapolating the age for penal responsibility, the accuracy of the former was 90.91%, and the latter was 78.79%, but the statistic result did not show significant difference (P>0.1). CONCLUSION: Both measurements can apply in determining the criminal cases of immature youths.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

A 50-year longitudinal study of defense use among inner city men: a validation of the DSM-IV defense axis.

The patterns of use of defense mechanisms by 306 inner-city men were rated from interviews at age 47 and these ratings were analyzed by cluster analysis. Five clusters resulted. The correlates of cluster membership were examined using data from the 50-year longitudinal study of these men. One cluster exhibited the greatest use of mature defenses; the men in this cluster functioned best on all psychosocial and health variables. Two clusters of men used primarily neurotic defenses; these men functioned at an intermediate level on all outcomes. The men in two clusters primarily used immature defenses. The men in one of these clusters used primarily action defenses, whereas the men in the other cluster were the greatest users of projection and fantasy. In general, the men in both these clusters functioned worse than those in the other three. However, the users of action defenses exhibited greater sociopathy, alcohol problems, and marital instability. The findings provide general support for the DSM-IV hierarchy for nonpsychotic defenses, with mature defenses at the top, neurotic defenses in the middle, and action defenses toward the bottom. In particular, the study supports the DSM-IV distinction of action defenses from other immature defenses.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Family therapy and some personality disorders in adolescence.

To prevent an endless debate between those supporting an intrinsic deficit versus an environmental deficit, the adolescent's problem has been seen here as both an individual problem and the metaphorical expression of a family problem. The intricacy of this two-faceted problem appears vividly with borderline and immature adolescents. Both the adolescent and family have, among other problems, difficulty separating. The approach described here focuses on that particular aspect; each therapeutic step is geared toward the adolescent's separation-individuation. Concerning the course of therapy, restructuring is perceived as the first therapeutic step and a prerequisite to work on such issues as delineating personal and family problems and improving communications. The approach is not, though, a panacea for the treatment of all personality disorders in adolescence and should not preempt the use of other approaches. As reported by Esman (1989) in regard to borderline adolescents, there is enough variation in the syndrome to allow the use of a variety of treatment approaches. Involving the family may not be feasible, and the adolescent sometimes must be removed from a detrimental family situation. The family of the immature or borderline adolescent is often seen as untreatable but what the therapist wants to accomplish and is ready to share often paves the way to effective intervention (Offer and Vanderstoep, 1974). The therapist must be ready to struggle with the family and with himself. The therapist has to be courageous, patient, and optimistic. The intervention is usually done on a middle-term basis with encouragement to the family to consult again if needed. The approach may thus appear obsolete at a time of a "quick-fix" culture. Family therapy can be a powerful tool with very disturbed, personality-disordered adolescents. The family approach must be flexible and based on a psychodynamic understanding of the problems. As so many of these cases fail to respond to the usual treatment and make therapists and institutions feel powerless, looking at the intervention from another angle can be refreshing. The experience can be rewarding for the adolescent, as she is becoming emancipated from the family, and for the parents, who facilitate the process. Working with these families is difficult but can also be rewarding for the clinician. Hours spent with them gives access to the subjective experiential reality that makes the substance of behavior and may allow the exploration of shadowy areas of the human condition. Family therapy becomes, then, a journey full of pain, uncertainties, and wonder for both the family and the clinician.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1984

Location of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) p19 antigen on virus-producing cells.

Mouse monoclonal antibody to HTLV p19 was used to locate HTLV p19 on the surface of cells and virions by immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM) and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM). When HTLV-producing cells HUT 102 (B2 clone), MT-2 and strain A were used as target cells, HTLV p19 was detected on the surface of cells and virions as spots or small sectors by both IFM and IEM. Cells infected with animal type-C retroviruses, e.g., gibbon ape leukemia virus, simian sarcoma virus, feline leukemia virus, and Gross murine leukemia virus, were completely negative for HTLVp19 expression. Other human T cells not producing HTLV, including HUT78 and HSB2-0, immature or pre-T cells (Molt-3) derived from leukemia patients, and fresh peripheral blood T cells from healthy persons, were also negative. In addition, B cells including Rob-B, IM-9, Raji, and BT-1 did not react with the monoclonal antibody to HTLV p19. In the light of the presence of HTLV p19 in the periphery of acetone-fixed HTLV-producing cells as shown by IFM, it seems most likely that HTLV p19 is an internal antigen of HTLV with part of its structure protruding out of the viral and cell membrane. The monoclonal antibody to HTLV p19 did not lyse HTLV-producing cells in the presence of complement, as expected, because the antibody is an IgG1. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was also studied by the 51Cr-release assay. No cytotoxicity was observed. Although HTLV p19 does not contribute to the destruction of malignant T cells for treatment and/or virions for prophylaxis, this protein is an important marker for diagnosis of HTLV infection. The patterns of HTLV p19 expression described above were exactly the same for American HTLV-producing HUT 102 (B2 clone), for strain A cells and for Japanese HTLV-producing MT-2 cells. These results further substantiate the close relationship of the Japanese and American HTLV isolates.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1994

What bothers caregivers of stroke victims?

Caregivers of brain-impaired persons report that the caregiving experience often is stressful to them. The caregiving stress model has been based primarily on stress associated with caring for persons with Alzheimer's disease. Relatively little information is available on stressors for caregivers of stroke victims, however, who could be expected to have different stressors based on the different underlying pathology. Caregivers of persons with stroke therefore were asked to respond to the Brain Impairment Behavior Inventory (BIBI) and the companion Brain Impairment Behavior Bother Scale (BIBBS) and to list the three most important stressors for them. The behaviors of the persons with stroke which were most stressful for this sample of caregivers were irritability, dependence with resulting caregiver confinement and immature behavior. Nursing interventions targeted toward alleviating the stress caused by these behaviors could include investigation of treatable causes of brain dysfunction, a search for triggers for irritability and bad temper, and use of community-based support systems such as stroke clubs.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Psychiatric manifestations and personality traits associated with compliance with glaucoma treatment.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of psychological distress and personality traits on self-rated compliance with glaucoma treatment. METHODS: One hundred patients with primary open-angle glaucoma participated in the study. General Health Questionnaire, Symptom Distress Checklist, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Defense Style Questionnaire, and Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire were used. RESULTS: Forty-two percent of patients with glaucoma classified as "noncompliers," those who omitted more than two doses per week. Noncompliers presented more severe symptoms of glaucoma. Depression was found to be associated with poor compliance, whereas adoption of immature defensive style further increased the risk for noncompliance with glaucoma treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Depression is associated with self-reported noncompliance with glaucoma treatment, whereas certain personality traits are involved in the increased risk for noncompliance. Further assessment of the depressive feelings by an ophthalmologist and treatment of depression as well as proper psychotherapeutic approaches for maladaptive personality features could be an essential strategy to diminish compliance problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2026

Ligand-based directed differentiation to produce granulosa-like cells expressing steroidogenic enzyme genes.

The ovarian granulosa cells are responsible for producing hormones and supporting oocytes through maturation and meiotic resumption. There is a need to generate granulosa-like cells (GLCs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to better model human gonadal development and to test the effects of exogenous or pharmaceutical compounds on the ovary. Here we report a rapid ligand-based protocol for differentiating hiPSCs into cells that express markers of the transient developmental lineages and steroidogenic pathway genes. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis identified canonical granulosa cell genes were expressed in a subset of cells and identified new genes of interest that were significantly associated with computationally modeled pseudotime. HSD17B1 was expressed in resulting GLCs but at low levels, suggesting an immature granulosa cell phenotype. The GLCs were produced using a simple culture method that could be augmented for granulosa cell functions such as sustaining oocyte growth. Producing GLCs through protocols such as this one is a first step toward designing large-scale ovarian endocrinology assays and developing personalized cell-based fertility and hormone restoration technologies in the future. This rapid protocol produced cells that express steroidogenic enzyme genes etoc blurb. Kubo and colleagues present a 5-day rapid protocol to generate immature granulosa-like cells from hiPSCs. Cells differentiated with inhibition of DKK1, a WNT signaling target gene, expressed gonadal ridge markers and FOXL2 transcripts and protein. Additionally, steroidogenic enzyme genes were expressed. A small population of differentiated cells were identified as expressing early-stage granulosa cell genes by single-cell RNA-seq.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Neuropsychological alterations after split-brain surgery.

Neuropsychological changes following corpus callosotomy depend on the degree of the callosal section, the portion sectioned and the patient's age at the time of the surgery. Anterior section frequently results in transient hemiparesis of the non-dominant leg and temporary difficulties in initiating speech. Posterior section is followed by disconnection symptoms in the sensory modalities which can be demonstrated when input is lateralized and one hemisphere is denied access to the information received by the other. Visual and tactile stimuli presented to the non-dominant hemisphere are no longer verbally identified due to disconnection from the language-dominant hemisphere. Total callosotomy additionally interrupts interhemispheric communication between the motor regions. This results in deficits in bimanual coordination and apraxia of the non-dominant hand to verbal commands. Some of the symptoms subside, probably due to increased use of ipsilateral sensory and motor pathways. Others are permanent. However, they are not disabling since unrestricted scanning of the environment ensures bilateral representation of sensory experience. Cognitive functions are frequently improved, although preexisting lateralized deficits may be exacerbated. Learning of new material is difficult for some patients with lateralized temporal lobe dysfunction in whom interhemispheric compensation is abolished by the surgery. Language deficits are observed mainly in patients with crossed dominance. Studies in children reveal that callosotomy performed before puberty is not followed by permanent disconnection deficits. This may be attributable to the greater neural plasticity of the immature brain.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Posttraumatic stress disorder in incarcerated juvenile delinquents.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in severely delinquent subjects and to measure associated personality characteristics. METHOD: Eighty-five incarcerated boys (mean age 16.6, SD = 1.2) with mostly violent offenses were studied. The sample was representative of the California Youth Authority population. They received a standard psychiatric screen, a semistructured interview for PTSD, and self-report questionnaires measuring personality traits and defenses. A nonclinical sex- and age-matched group was used for comparing psychometrics. RESULTS: Subjects suffered from PTSD at higher rates than other adolescent community samples and at higher rates than those found in county probation camps. Thirty-two percent fulfilled criteria for PTSD, 20% partial criteria. One half of the subjects described the witnessing of interpersonal violence as the traumatizing event. Psychometric results converged in the predicted way: Subjects with PTSD showed elevated distress, anxiety, depression, and lowered restraint, impulse control, and suppression of aggression; they had high levels of immature defenses such as projection, somatization, conversion, dissociation, and withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS: PTSD occurs at high rates in delinquents, and this finding has implications for management and treatment. Personality characteristics that might put individuals at risk for the development of PTSD were identified.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Relationships between defense mechanisms and coping strategies, facing exam anxiety performance].

BACKGROUND: Defence mechanisms and coping strategies rely on different theoretical backgrounds and describe distinct psychological processes. Cramer has based a distinction on the following dimensions: conscious processes vs. not; intentionality vs. not; hierarchical conception vs. not. On the contrary to these distinctions, the two notions of defense mechanisms and coping strategies are defined as similar in the Diagnostical and Statistical Manual (DSM IV). This assimilation between coping and defenses in the DSM IV is not confirmed by some researches, namely the one by Callahan and Chabrol. It indeed proves a relationship between adaptive coping and mature defenses, as well as between maladaptive coping and immature defenses. Similarly, Plutchik offered theoretical correspondences between eight defense mechanisms and eight coping strategies: (a) Defenses: repression, isolation, introjection and Coping escape; (b) Defense denial and Coping minimalization; (c) Defense undoing and coping substitution; (d) Defenses: regression, acting out and coping social support; (e) Defenses: compensation, identification, fantasy and coping replacement; (f) Defenses: intellectualization, sublimation, annulation, rationalisation and coping: planification; (g) Defense projection and coping blame; (h) Defense: reactional formation and coping inversion. METHODS GOAL: this research aims at testing the relations observed by Callahan and Chabrol and some theoretical correspondences proposed by Plutchik between defences and coping strategies in a population of students similar to the one used by Callahan and Chabrol. It also aims at studying the relationships between coping strategies and conscious derives of defense mechanisms, such as defined by Bond (1995). Defenses were evaluated the first day of the examination week. POPULATION: the population includes 184 women students in human sciences (sociology and psychology). INSTRUMENTS: defenses were evaluated with the Defense Style Questionnaire by Bond (DSQ 40). Its French version is made of 40 items and validated by Guelfi et al. It explores 20 defense mechanisms, as well as 3 defense styles: (1) a "mature style", composed by 4 defenses: sublimation, humor, anticipation, repression; (2) a "neurotic style", composed by 4 defenses: annulation, reactional formation, altruism and idealization; (3) an "immature style", composed by 12 defenses. Coping strategies were measured by the French version of the Way of Coping Check-List-Revised, (WCC-R) by Lazarus and Folkman, validated by Graziani et al. It evaluates 10 factors: 1) Problem solving; 2) Evasion; 3) Social support; 4) Self-control; 5) Escape; 6) Responsabilization-Replanification; 7) Resignation; 8)Diplomacy; 9) Confrontation; 10) Personal evolution. RESULTS: Our results confirm partially Callahan and Chabrol's conclusions in favour of existing relationships between adaptive coping strategies and mature defenses, as well as between maladaptive coping strategies and immature defenses. They demonstrate three positive relationships: 1) a relation between Problem solving resolution coping and two mature defenses (Sublimation, Anticipation); 2) a relation between Evasion coping and nevrotic and immature defenses; 3) a relation between Escaping coping and immature defenses. The correspondences between defense mechanisms and coping strategies, such as proposed by Plutchik psycho-evolutionist emotional model are partly validated. Some links were indeed validated in this research, between: a) Defense Undoing and Escaping or Evasion coping; b) Defense Fantasy and Responzabilization coping, c) Defense Sublimation and Problem solving resolution coping; d) Defense Sublimation and Responsabilization coping or Problem solving resolution coping; e) Défense Annulation and Responzabilisation coping.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

[Evaluation of guided conversation groups for family caregivers of dementia. Results of the GENA project in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern].

The GeNA project (Gerontopsychiatric network of work with family caregivers Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) has focused basically on the support of family caregivers of demented old people in guided conversation groups along with setting up a supporting network for this target group within the framework of the Federal Ministry for Senior Citizens, Family and Youth model program "Future Structures of Old People's Welfare".The integrative counselling approach developed for the preservation and restoration of the family balance and for the reduction of care burden was investigated with regard to its effectiveness in case of meaningful indicators in a pre-post-design at ten locations. For the entire sample, the expected burden reductions were found only occasionally and with just a slight downward trend in the fields "physical exhaustion", "health trouble", "deficiency in the realm of social relations" and "utilization of professional support". There are only a few changes according to the measured personality traits out of the construct realm of filial maturity.A differentiating analysis of the caregivers' assessments defines two types of family caregivers (filial more mature vs. filial more immature caregivers) from the inquiry data of the beginning of group participation which differ from each other most significantly concerning the changes of interest during the progress of intervention:Whereas the emotional more independent family caregivers seem to profit less by the participation of this type of a guided conversation group, the caregivers, who show problematic filial patterns of ties with the care recipients to a higher degree, are able to use the participation for a distinct decrease of care burden. This contrary effect of group participation of the two types of personalities of caregivers can possibly be seen as a diagnostic indication for the selection of potential participants of similar group support offers. In view of the small sample size these results should be used with caution and first of all to generate more profound hypotheses for the specific fit of offer and demand of different kinds of group support for the relatives of demented old people.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Three-wheel and four-wheel all-terrain vehicle injuries in children.

In January 1988, sales of new three-wheel all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) were banned in the United States because of the high incidence of injury associated with their use, especially by children. Four-wheel ATVs remain on the market. A retrospective review of all ATV injuries seen in a level I pediatric trauma center was conducted to compare the nature and severity of injuries in three-wheel vehicles with those associated with four-wheelers. A total of 36 ATV injuries were seen from April 1986 to August 1988. All patients were less than 16 years of age; 72% were less than or equal to 12 years of age. Of the patients, 56% were boys; 44% were girls. Although 56% of incidents involved three-wheelers, a larger number of more serious injuries, defined as the presence of indicators of injury severity (eg, death, Injury Severity Score greater than or equal to 10, intensive care unit admission, or need for surgery), involved four-wheel vehicles. A total of 15 injuries occurred in 1987; 12 injuries, including the first death involving an ATV at the pediatric trauma center, occurred in the 7 months since the sales ban. Immature judgment and/or motor skills were the most common factors contributing to injury. Existing information regarding injuries involving three-wheel ATVs is supported by our data, according to which it is suggested that four-wheel vehicles may be dangerous in the hands of immature or unskilled operators less than 16 years of age. Injury prevention efforts should be directed at prohibiting any ATV use by persons less than 16 years of age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Assessment of granulopoietic function reserve of the bone marrow by means of the Pyrecol-test in granulocytopenias, immature-cell leukoses and patients under antineoplastic agent therapy].

By injection of the irritating substance Pyrecol the granulopoietic reserve of the function of the bone marrow can be judged. In normal test persons the result is after 8 hours an increase of leucocytes to 176%, when the granulocytes increase to 216%. On the other hand the rate of increase in patients with undifferentiated cell leucosis is statistically highly significantly lower (2alpha = 0.01) with 115 or 132%, respectively. A higher ejection function of the bone marrow correlating with the clinical improvement is to be found after a successful therapy with cytostatics. By this the test informatively contributes to dosage and effectiveness of the therapy with cytostatics and to the course of the disease. In 6 patients with granulocytopenia of unclear genesis examined in the result of the Pyrecol-test 5 passager granulocytopenias with favourable clinical course unambiguously distinguished themselves from a pan-myelophthisis with exitus letalis. The test is easily to be performed and has no essential concomitant a-pearances. By the integral functional evidence it represents a rational supplementation of the locally demarcated morphological substrate of the sternal puncture or bone marrow biopsy, respectively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Psychometric assessment of defense mechanisms: correlation between questionnaire and expert rating. Initial study of validity].

Within the limits of an epidemiological longitudinal field survey on prevalence and course of psychogenic disorders a high-risk-population suffering from medical psychogenic impairment was investigated. The study was conducted in order to verify an etiological multi-level-model of psychogenic disorders in relation to the socialempiric variables "critical life events" and "social support" as well as the depth psychological oriented construct "personality". Besides other instruments a self rating scale based on Vallant's hierarchical model of defense, i.e. the german adaptation of the DSQ (Defense Style Questionnaire) of Bond and coworkers, was used for the accurate measurement of relevant personality parameters. Although defense processes predominantly work unconscious, manifestations of defense mechanisms could be measured indirectly by means of the rating scale. Its essential dimensions separated clinical patients from a group of healthy controls. Furthermore an immature organisation of defense was found to be related to psychogenic impairment. Concerning self- and expert-rating a significant correlation between "immature defense" and the defense mechanisms "schizoid phantasy", "projection" and "acting out" was proved.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Analgesic abuse and personality characteristics.

The Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI) was mailed to a group of 880 female industrial workers who were participating in a 5-year prospective study aimed at elucidating eventual renal toxity of phenacetin-containing analgesics. 338 completely filled in test-sheets were returned. The study sample was divided into five sub-groups according to the amount of drug which could be located. 1. Consumers who had a positive test for analgesic-intake in at least one urine sample (paracetamol = N-acetyl-p-aminophenol as principal metabolit of phenacetin),N = 65.2. "High intakers", paracetamol values over 0.499 o.D. (o.D. = optical density in the spectrophotometric determination of paracentamol [total of three tests]), N = 73.3. "Medium intakers", paracetamol values 0.200-0.499 o.D. (total of three tests), N = 25.4. "Low intakers", paracetamol values 0.049-0.199 oD., N = 84.5. "None-consumers" with negative urine tests, N = 199. It was shown that for some personality features, consumers could be distinguished from non-consumers and "high intakers" from "low intakers", but not "low intakers" from non-consumers nor "high intakers" from "medium intakers". The areas contributing mainly to differentiation were general psychosomatic disturbance, irritability tinged with dysphoria, psychosocial and emotional immaturity, and lability. The importance of early registration is consequently demonstrated.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Distribution, behavior, and course of patency of Dracunculus insignis in experimentally infected ferrets.

From 106 ferrets experimentally infected with Dracunculus insignis, 273 female worms and 42 male worms were recovered. The percentage of female worms that mated, the location of all worms, and the rate of emergence of gravid females were recorded. Of 174 mature female worms recovered, only 11% had emerged before necropsy. Eighty-one percent of the male worms and 87% of all unmated (immature) females were found on the trunk of the animal or on the skin overlying it. Gravid female worms were found on the extremities (legs) 88% of the time. Almost one-third of gravid female worms were found on the left front leg. On 4 occasions, females were found in unusual locations: the tail, the cheek, the lumbar region of the spinal cord, and the peritoneal cavity associated with the omentum. The results showed that only a small percentage of mature female worms emerge, which suggests that infected persons harbor many more gravid female worms than indicated by reports of emergent worms. More than one-third of female worms were not mated, but it is likely that these immature females would be capable of further development. Furthermore, male worms have been observed to survive for up to 330 days, suggesting that male or unmated female worms may carry over from one transmission season to the next.

Animals↗